A Retrospective Study of Equine Liver Lesions in Western Canada and the Expression of Metallothionein by Immunohistochemistry
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Liver disease in equids is often difficult to diagnose, as clinical symptoms are vague and do not appear until there is a functional loss of approximately 75% of the liver. Metallothionein (MT) is a ubiquitously expressed protein with high affinity for binding zinc in the liver. It has been implicated in inflammatory and neoplastic processes in various species, but its role has not been evaluated in horses. To properly appreciate the possible implications of MT expression within the liver, it is crucial to understand, globally, the types of hepatic lesions to which equids are susceptible. Therefore, the first half of this work aimed to describe the histopathologic lesions of the liver from equids of all life stages submitted to the Prairie Diagnostic Services Inc. diagnostic laboratory (Saskatoon, SK) from 1995 to 2014, inclusive. Statistical analysis showed that the odds of being diagnosed with suppurative to mixed hepatitis was greater in juveniles and yearlings (odds ratio (OR) for both = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45 to 5.62 and 1.17 to 7.00, respectively), compared to adults. The odds of being diagnosed with multi-focal random hepatocellular necrosis were greater in fetuses and juveniles than in adults (OR = 77.1 and 6.1, CI = 22.6 to 263.2 and 2.1 to 17.8, respectively). The odds of being diagnosed with portal fibrosis and bile duct proliferation was greater in adults than in juveniles (OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.2 to 23.6). Neoplasia was diagnosed only in adults, and this was statistically significant (chi-square, P = 0.042). Additionally, equids such as donkeys, ponies, Miniature Horses as well as Coldbloods had significantly increased odds for the presence of hepatocellular vacuolation (OR = 29.5, 15.7, 7.4 and 7.9, 95% CI = 5.3 to 164.2, 2.7 to 90.8, 1.3 to 4.0, and 1.06 to 58.6 respectively). The odds of being diagnosed with suppurative to mixed hepatitis increased by each calendar year (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.13). The second half of this work focused on investigating the expression of MT in the equine liver as detected by immunohistochemistry. In particular, the relationship between MT expression and histopathologic features of liver disease was examined. These histopathologic features included hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and bile duct proliferation. Also, the relationship between MT expression and cellular regeneration, as determined by Ki-67 immunoreactivity, was determined. Metallothionein expression within hepatocytes was increased in 73 of 77 (94.8%) cases with chronic equine liver lesions. Statistical analysis found that MT expression was significantly associated with Ki-67 expression within bile duct epithelium (P = 0.0004, Mann-Whitney U-test), resident Kupffer cells (P = 0.0045, Mann-Whitney U-test), as well as with the presence of lymphocytic foci (P = 0.0017, Mann-Whitney U-test), suggesting that MT may play a role in inflammation and the cellular regeneration of bile duct epithelium in horses. In conclusion, MT is associated with inflammation and cellular regeneration in equine liver disease. Additionally, the hepatic lesions described herein from animals from western Canada, though regionally specific, are in alignment with what we know about liver disease in equids. From these findings, and from what we currently understand about the pathophysiology of equine liver disease, there is an excellent opportunity to pursue further research into the development of MT-based diagnostics, preventatives, and therapeutics.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».