Alteration of Interfacial Properties by Chemicals and Nanomaterials To Improve Heavy Oil Recovery at Elevated Temperatures
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Heavy oil containing carbonate and sand reservoirs exhibits reverse wettability characteristics. Dependent upon the temperature, phase of injected steam, and rock type, the wettability may be altered to more water-wet. The addition of chemicals to hot water (or steam) may further change the interfacial properties (more water-wet and less interfacial tension). Surfactants were tested extensively for this process in the past, and their temperature resistance was an obstacle. New-generation chemicals need further investigation from a technically and economically success point of view. The objective was to investigate the alteration of interfacial properties induced by different types of chemical agents under high-temperature conditions. To achieve this, four experimental tools (contact angle measurement, interfacial tension measurement, atomic force microscopy, and spontaneous imbibition tests) were applied. High-pressure and high-temperature contact angle measurements enabled a quick method to identify the suitability of the chemicals for wettability modification. Interfacial tension between oil and different chemical solutions was measured with a variation of the temperature. In the imbibition tests, core samples were exposed to heating for longer time periods, so that the temperature resistance of the chemicals was also tested. Imbibition experiments were conducted at ambient pressure and 90 °C. The combination of the contact angle and interfacial tension provided insight into the recovery enhancement mechanisms. Six different chemicals, including an ionic liquid, three nanofluids (silica, aluminum, and zirconium oxides), a cationic surfactant, and a high-pH solution, were chosen based on our screening study. Heavy oil used was obtained from a field in Alberta (6000 cP). Contact angles were measured on mica, calcite, sandstone, and limestone plates. The experimental temperature ranged from 25 to 200 °C, and the pressure was changed to keep the solution in the aqueous phase. Promising modifiers for different rock types under different temperatures were screened separately. Visual data illustrating the deposition of the chemicals on the surface of mica and well-polished calcite substrates and removal of the existing oil layer after the treatment with different chemicals were obtained by atomic force microscopy. Finally, spontaneous imbibition tests were performed on sandstone and limestone cores with screened promising modifiers. Oil recovery in this phase was continuously monitored to evaluate wettability alteration capability, and the mechanism(s) involved were analyzed for different chemicals. Analysis of wettability alteration mechanisms and interfacial tension reduction capabilities is expected to be useful in the selection of suitable and temperature-resistant chemicals for high-temperature applications in different reservoir rocks.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».