Compressive strength of solid round steel leg and bracing members of lattice communication towers reinforced with rods or angles.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Due to the increase in voice and data communication and the advent of digital television, there is a need to reinforce the solid round steel leg and bracing members of existing guyed lattice communication towers to carry additional antenna loads.Reinforcement is generally in the form of rods or angles connected to the leg and bracing members either by U-bolts only or by means of U-bolts and end welding.The sizes of reinforcing members were in accordance with industry practice.Finite element models were built to compute the compressive strength of such members using modified static Riks method.Tests were carried out on 45 leg members and seven bracing members.Of the 45 leg member specimens, 15 were unreinforced and the remaining 30 test specimens were reinforced with angles.Of the seven bracing member specimens, two were unreinforced, three were rodreinforced, and two were angle-reinforced.During experimental investigation, the effect of the failure of one leg member on the compressive strength of the remaining leg members was studied.In addition, the effect of (i) end welding, (ii) compressive pre-loading of leg members, (iii) number of U-bolts used to attach the reinforcing angle, and (iv) torque applied to U-bolts was investigated.The effectiveness of rod reinforcement and angle reinforcement to the compressive strength of bracing members were also compared by testing the bracing member specimens.From experimental results, it was concluded that (i) the failure of one leg member has no effect on the strength of the remaining leg members, (ii) end welding provides additional reserve strength to the leg members, (iii) compressive pre-loading has no effect on the strength, (iv) the number of U-bolts has an effect on the strength, but the location of bolts is more important than the number, and (v) increased bolt torque results in an increase in the strength.It was also found that angle reinforcement is more effective than the rod reinforcement.The finite element analysis results agree well with the experimental failure loads, thus the models can be used to determine the compressive strength of leg and bracing members reinforced with any size round bar or any size angle.Based on the finite element analysis and test results, a simplified and conservative design procedure is proposed to determine the compressive strength of solid round steel leg and bracing members reinforced with rods or angles.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».