Analysis of IOR Pilots in Bakken Formation by Using Numerical Simulation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Bakken is the most productive formation among unconventional plays in North America. This formation has 7.4 billion barrels of recoverable oil. However, the primary oil recovery is still low as 5-10%. Miscible natural gas and carbon dioxide (CO2) might be the most two potential strategies to improve oil recovery in such complex play. In this study, some of the IOR pilots which have been conducted in Montana, North Dakota, and South Saskatchewan have been presented. The performance results of these pilots in US-Bakken versus Canadian-Bakken have been compared. Moreover, the reasons beyond the successful IOR pilots in Canadian-Bakken versus US-Bakken have been discussed. Then, numerical simulation models have been constructed to mimic the results of these pilots. Two different compositional models have been built for two different formation-oils. Furthermore, two different models, single porosity model and dual permeability model have been created to match the performance of some pilot-tests. Implementation of molecular diffusion mechanism has been conducted in both of single porosity and dual permeability model. Finally, continuous miscible gases injection versus huff-n-puff protocols have been compared and investigated. The results showed that the performance of natural gases generally over-performed the CO2 injection technique's in Bakken formation. Although the diffusion flow is dominant, the diffusivity of the injected CO2 into formation oil is slow due to its large molecules as compared with the small pore throats of these porous media. Accordingly, miscible CO2-EOR might be not beneficial in huff-n-puff as compared to continuous flooding process. However, success of natural gases does not have that strong functionality of molar diffusivity. Therefore, their performance was much better than CO2 performance in the field scale of these tight formations. Furthermore, the numerical simulation of this study concluded that the spacing between the production wells and injection wells should be minimized, for the continuous flooding process of miscible-gases EOR, to enhance their performance. Although the permeability of Canadian-Bakken has permeability of 1-2 order higher than the permeability of US-Bakken, the spacing between injectors and producers in Canadian Bakken is interestingly much shorter than that for US-Bakken, which might be the reason beyond the EOR success in Canadian Bakken. Finally, the activation process for the highly intensive natural fractures might be the key to enhance the diffusivity of CO2-EOR. Otherwise, natural gases are highly recommended to be the most potential EOR in these types of reservoirs. This study explains how diffusion mechanism of miscible gases affects their performance to improve oil recovery in these plays since they are more complex and very different from conventional formations. Also, it suggests that CO2 flooding process would be a good practice to overcome the limitations of CO2-diffusion rate in these reservoirs.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».