Oil Oxidation and Adiabatic Compression as Ignition Sources in Oilfield Operations
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Well interventions or work-overs are generally a safe operation, however there are areas where an explosion might occur in surface equipment during the process, causing Health, Safety, and Environmental (HSE) hazards and damages to surrounding equipment and the environment. The source of these explosions often remains a mystery as they are initiated inside the process piping under conditions where there is no obvious source of oxygen and often no obvious ignition mechanism. The In-situ Combustion Research Group (ISCRG) believes that trapped pockets of air in contact with immobile hydrocarbons, accumulated in surface equipment, could be the source of ignition. These accumulations under the right temperature conditions such as during a hot summer day could raise the temperature of the trapped pocket of air and immobile hydrocarbon high enough to exceed the Self-ignition Temperature (SIT) of the immobile hydrocarbon and initiate the generation of flammable liquid and vapor phase components through spontaneous liquid phase oxidation (LTO) reactions. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation was to analyze the ignition and self-heating characteristics of oxidized oils in order to better understand LTO-initiated explosions. Three (3) different oil samples (Athabasca bitumen, a paraffinic light oil, and diesel as a refined product) were chosen. Twelve (12) High Pressure Isothermal Oxidation (HPIO) tests were performed to oxidize the oil samples in the batch reactors at temperatures of 25°C, 50°C, 75°C, and 100°C, by keeping them in contact with normal air (21% O2 and 79% N2) at a nominal pressure of 7 MPa for the period of seven days. Seven (7) Accelerating Rate Calorimeter (ARC) tests were conducted on original (un-oxidized) and selected oxidized oil samples to determine the ignition and self-heating characteristics. The major finding of the study was that two of the oil types (Oil B – light paraffinic crude oil and Oil C - diesel) exhibited oxidation characteristics that could lead to explosive events. Both of these hydrocarbons exhibited increased maximum reaction rates when they were pre-oxidized. The third sample, Oil A or Athabasca bitumen exhibited easily observable oxygen uptake rate at 75°C, but it is unlikely that the bitumen would support an explosive event during a well work-over operation.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».