Allocation of parental care by Western Canada Geese Branta canadensis moffitti
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The level of parental care provided by Western Canada Geese Branta canadensis moffitti to their goslings (4–11 months of age) was measured in a resident population by determining proximity of goslings to the nearest parent, goslings’ daily attendance in the family unit, and the duration of the parent-gosling association during the first winter. Time spent in vigilance postures (watching for competitors and predators) and aggression (to maintain space for foraging within flocks) was determined for each family member. Male goslings were more “helpful” in that they were more vigilant and aggressive than female goslings. Perhaps as a result, male goslings benefited more from all three measures of parental care than female goslings. Male goslings were on average closer to parents, in attendance more often, and had a longer duration of parent-gosling association during the first winter than their female siblings. Among females in the same brood (i.e. siblings), the most vigilant and aggressive were allocated more care as measured by proximity to parents, daily attendance, and duration of association with parents. Among male siblings, the most vigilant individuals were allocated with more care in terms of proximity to parents than less vigilant male goslings. Within sexes, gosling structural size (i.e. skull length) did not affect the allocation of parental care. With regard to parents, the level of female vigilance and aggression towards flock members was negatively correlated with the amount of “help” provided by the most “helpful” gosling in the brood, in terms of the goslings’ contribution to the family through their vigilance and aggressive behaviours. This finding suggests that female parents benefit from maintaining contact with “helpful” goslings, more so than females with less “helpful” goslings. This relationship was not apparent for male parents. The most interesting finding from this study was that parent geese appeared to base parental investment decisions more on their goslings’ behaviour rather than structural size. The energetic costs that mature goslings bear from assisting parents with family duties of watching for competitors and predators and defending foraging space within flocks may be compensated by longer-term benefits of prolonged association with their parents.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».