Equilibrium Analysis of Desiccated Zone Growth during Radio-Frequency Heating
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract SAGD is an energy-intensive process with large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and required water treatment. One option to reduce emissions and water is to use electromagnetic (EM) heating in either the induction (medium frequency) or radio frequency (RF) ranges. Since the early 1970s, research into the use of RF energy to effectively heat heavy oil reservoirs has led to incremental technology advancements. Since 2009, the Effective Solvent Extraction Incorporating Electromagnetic Heating (ESEIEH™, pronounced "easy") consortium suggested a process named similarly that dielectric heating of oil sand is combined with the injection of a solvent such as propane or butane to reduce bitumen viscosity. In January 2012, the mine face test was declared a success and confirmed the ability to generate, propagate, and distribute electromagnetic heat in an oil sand formation. Phase II of ESEIEH™ exploring scaled pilot tests with horizontal antenna in Suncor’s Dover facility is under developing. To distribute electromagnetic heating into the reservoir creation of desiccated zone and its controlled growth is a key. Since the reservoir is an electrically lossy environment, the growth of desiccated zone as a lossless medium helps the electromagnetic fields to propagate deeper into the formation and associated heating is also further developed within the reservoir. The water will continue to vaporize and move away from the "flashed or desiccated zone" at a rate which diminishes with time. Eventually it reaches the equilibrium condition that it cannot grow with given delivered RF power from the radiating antenna. In this study, the desiccated zone extension at its equilibrium is calculated on the basis of this concept to prevent the zone from collapsing. In this process, water should vaporize and leaks into reservoir to create the flow rate normal to the desiccated zone surface that pushes the water back and grow the zone. Another highlight on this study is to provide the solution for RF-heating avoiding the Lambert’s law or plane-wave assumption. Lambert’s law is (only) accurate and valid in guided-microwave structures or when the EM radiating source is far from the receiving load (relative to the wavelength), such as in optical regime or in telecommunication applications. Although, for heating applications, the maximum energy dissipation of RF waves takes place in the near-field region and not in the far-field region, hence, Lambert’s law does not give a correct solution in these cases. As a result of this study minimum required power is a function of reservoir mobility or in-situ water relative permeability. If efficiency of antenna is not high enough and reservoir mobility is greater than 10-3 then the RF power transmission system could not deliver enough energy to grow the desiccated zone.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».