Molecular Structure Characterization and Interaction of a Polymer Blend of Xanthan Gum-Polyacrylamide to Improve Mobility-Control on a Mature Polymer Flood
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract According to the strategy to search alternative products which can replace (partially) the use of expensive polymers in polymer-flood projects, this work helps to find the optimum combination between polymer and xanthan-gum to develop a mixture that generates viscosity in good economical and rheological conditions. The aim of this work is the characterization of the mixture of a biopolymer (xanthan gum) and a synthetic polyacrylamide in specific proportions and reservoir conditions. Both polymers are suitable for polymer flooding, but they have weaknesses on their own: the polyacrylamide is very susceptible to saline environments and mechanical degradation, while biopolymers as xanthan gum exceed these reservoir conditions but are highly degraded by some bacteria. A polymer blend of mother solutions was prepared by mechanical mixing. It is proved that a blend improves the desirable properties of mobility control if the polymers show miscibility. Several techniques were used to evidence possible interaction between the polymers. A series of tests were performed to provide complementary data regarding molecule structure, miscibility, interaction and stability of the xanthan gum-polyacrylamide mixture at 35/65 proportion in a 16,000 ppm TDS reservoir synthetic brine. The polymer mother solutions and the mixture were lyophilized in order to determine thermal events by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Also Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) were performed to obtain distinctive molecular fingerprint; and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) so as to complete the morphological studies. This work shows detailed techniques of the characterization and the conclusions achieved that confirm the molecular interaction of the blend. DSC analysis at low temperatures evidence similar vitric transitions for xanthan gum and polyacrylamide mother solutions. Vitric transition temperature (Tg) is related to the polymer network packing and hydrodynamic volume, concluding that similar values means that both polymers can travel together through the porous media without being segregated. The single Tg obtained for the mixture could indicate interactions between the polymers. This interaction was also shown in the FTIR analysis: the mixture spectra showed displacement of some signals of the fingerprint zone. On the other hand, the 1H NMR spectra of the mixture did not show differences with the pure polymers ones. SEM micrographies show no surface separation: xanthan gum deposits over the continued and directional layers of polyacrylamide evidencing phase integration. Blends of bio and synthetic polymers are investigated widely in other industries due to their benefits. Up to date, there are no reports of the use of polymer mixtures in polymer flooding. The results of this work will enable the design of a pilot to be conducted during 2018 on a mature polymer-flooded area with more than 10 years of polymer-flooding (Buciak, 2013).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».