Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract The CHOPS process involves the growth of high permeability channels (wormholes) into the reservoir. The wormholes provide improved access to the reservoir, thereby substantially increasing oil production rates. Field evidence and laboratory experiments indicate that wormholes tend to persist as stable high-permeability flow channels throughout the duration of the CHOPS process. The existence of wormholes in the reservoir needs to be taken into consideration in the design of post CHOPS recovery processes. One of the key issues is the stability of wormholes during the re-pressurization phase of any follow up process to CHOPS. For example, wormholes could remain as stable high permeability flow channels to deliver injected fluids into a reservoir or they could collapse to improve conformance for fluid injection. This paper presents the results of experiments testing the stability of wormholes under conditions that could be destabilizing such as cold and hot water circulation, heating, and pressurization with hydrocarbon gases (e.g., methane, ethane). The experiments were performed in a triaxial cell, approximately 19 cm in diameter and 18 cm long, packed with water-wet sand and saturated with heavy oil. Wormholes were generated in the pack by injecting heavy (dead) oil into the cell at a sufficiently high rate to produce sand from the pack. Then, conditions that could be destabilizing to wormholes were applied to test their outcome. Cold water flowing through the wormhole eroded its walls, eventually causing the pack to collapse after more than a week. The injection of hot water accelerated the process of erosion considerably. Heating the pack did not cause it to collapse, but the wall of the wormhole was destabilized to a limited extent in that the diameter of the wormhole increased by more than a factor of two. The heating reduced the viscosity of the heavy oil in the pack, causing the apparent strength of the sand to decrease. Pressurizing the sand pack with methane and then slowly depressurizing it did not destabilize the wormhole. However, pressurizing the pack with ethane caused the sand matrix surrounding the wormhole to collapse over a period of two weeks. As in the case of heating, dissolution of ethane into the heavy oil caused the apparent strength of the sand to decrease by reducing the viscosity of the heavy oil in the pack. Although the confining pressure in these experiments was relatively low, the experimental cell did not allow for stress redistribution due to the deformation of the sand matrix, as would occur in the field. For this reason, the wormholes generated in the experiments were less stable than ones in the field. Consequently, the laboratory conditions that resulted in wormhole collapse should be regarded as a guide to the behaviour that would be expected in the field.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».