Financing for community wind and solar project development
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Community energy, and in particular, community wind and solar, has experienced significant growth in recent years. The main challenge to further expansion and implementation of community renewable energy projects is the high capital costs associated with project development. This chapter will present case studies of community wind and solar financing and include innovative mechanisms such as lease financing, sales of renewable energy credits, crowdfunding, and unconventional loan strategies. Through compilation of these cases, the objective is to provide prospective small renewable energy developers options as to how they can go about financing their projects and ultimately empower communities to independently produce energy while reducing greenhouse gases. Community energy, in particular, community wind and solar, has experienced significant growth in recent years. Driving this trend is the desire for communities to become energy self-sufficient and more environmentally conscious. Benefits of community wind and solar extend to include increasing community capacity, empowering residents, and promoting energy efficiency and conservation. The main challenge for further expansion and implementation of community renewable energy projects is the high capital costs associated with project development. With initial costs representing approximately 70 percent of the life cycle costs of the project [1], it can take several years to recoup this investment and can impede the ability of local developers to raise enough capital. Small utility-scale wind power projects have provided proving grounds for new technology and innovative financing structures. Historically, financing of community wind projects has generated innovative structures that were later adopted by the broader wind market and are now popular mainstream financing structures, such as the special allocation partnership flip structure [2]. More recently, community wind projects have been financed with creative structures that capitalize on incentives and make use of public market capital. Community solar is a popular community energy choice due to the scalability of projects. Small communities and neighbourhoods can pursue solar energy more easily by selecting the number of panels required to suit their needs. Community solar has relied on three main financing structures: utility-sponsored, special-purpose entity, and non-profit, to implement projects of various scales and make use of available incentives. Despite many community wind and solar projects achieving financing success, there are challenges in replicating the elements of some of these deals. Some of the cases only work in the exact circumstance presented due to specific incentive availability or legalities in different areas. Also, since these proposed structures are new to the industry, transaction costs may be high due to the learning process of executing these deals and development of the financing package could be lengthy for the same reason. This chapter will present case studies of community wind and solar financing and include innovative mechanisms such as lease financing, sales of renewable energy credits, crowdfunding, and unconventional loan strategies. Through compilation of these cases, the objective is to provide prospective small renewable energy developers options as to how they can go about financing their projects and ultimately empower communities to independently produce energy while reducing greenhouse gases. These examples serve as encouraging case studies for other community projects looking for ways to raise capital and make use of programmes and incentives to piece together a financial package. Furthermore, the cases presented have the potential to extend beyond community projects to commercially renewable energy project finance.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,009 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,046 | 0,005 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».