Movement and Habitat Use of the Long-Toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Population estimates for adult long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) at Linnet Lake in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta, showed a 60% decline from 1994 and 2008 –2009. To prevent further decline, in 2008 Parks Canada installed four under-road crossing structures (tunnels) and directional fencing along the road bordering Linnet Lake to reduce road mortality, which was known to be high. Parks later learned that predacious fish had colonized the lake, likely during natural flooding. In 2010 and 2011, Parks removed and relocated 35000 fish from Linnet Lake over 11 days of trapping. Measures intended to restore wildlife populations to historic levels often go unmonitored, and success or failure is not systematically assessed. Long-toed salamanders are small and delicate, and are difficult to monitor when they inhabit the terrestrial environment during the 10 – 11 month non-breeding season. To determine the status of the Linnet Lake long-toed salamander population and investigate terrestrial movement patterns (orientation) and habitat-use, I conducted research in 2013 and 2014 at Linnet Lake and a nearby reference site (Stable Pond, 1.2 km away). I conducted a mark-recapture study at Linnet Lake by marking salamanders with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, and I used radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas and cameras in tunnels to monitor use by tagged individuals and compare the two methods. I also used PIT tags to mark salamanders at Stable Pond and, using a home-made portable RFID antenna (scanner), I conducted “PIT telemetry” to locate tagged animals in the terrestrial environment at both sites and tested the scanners read range. At Linnet Lake, I found no increase in adult salamander population size from estimates made during the 2008 –2009 study and I found little evidence of recruitment when I compared demographic data to Stable Pond. Population estimates of 1380 (95% CI: 1138, 1702) in 2013 and 706 (95% CI: 575, 893) in 2014 indicate a declining population at Linnet Lake and raise concern regarding the viability of the population and urgency for conservation efforts. RFID antennas were 6.5 times more likely than cameras to detect a tagged salamander entering or exiting tunnels. Salamander orientation was non-uniform at both study sites, with movement patterns staying consistent between years at Linnet Lake and differing between age classes and as salamanders moved further from the shore at Stable Pond. Using PIT telemetry, I relocated 32 individuals in the terrestrial habitats around Linnet Lake and 80 at Stable Pond. I was able to locate and characterize nine overwintering sites and each was associated with decomposing tree roots. Tests of the portable RFID antenna’s read range in three substrates (soil, rock, water) at multiple depths showed the highest read range in water, and a non-linear effect of depth on horizontal read range. This study provides important data for monitoring the long-term effects of mitigation efforts at Linnet Lake, and demonstrates the utility of RFID and PIT tags for tracking small terrestrial vertebrates and monitoring the use of road-crossing structures.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».