Reproductive differences between three species of <i>Brachyrhaphis</i> livebearing fishes in Panamá
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Both theory and the published literature support the importance of demographic selection for differences in life history traits between populations as well as between related species. Much attention in this area has been paid to species in the livebearing fish family Poeciliidae. I studied populations of three species of poeciliid fishes of the genus Brachyrhaphis (episcopi, roswithae, terrabensis) found from low to high elevation in western and central Panamá for reproductive life history phenotypes. To determine how reproductive life history phenotypic characters subject to both selection and environmental influence may vary between these species, field collections were made at the end of the wet and dry seasons over several years. Work with other poeciliid species suggested that these three stream species, found in different environments largely defined along an elevational gradient, may have evolved different responses in their reproductive timing and effort in response to differences in abiotic and biotic environmental factors. Differences were found between female wet and dry season reproductive output in all three species. Brachyrhaphis episcopi and B. roswithae showed similar responses to seasonal changes, with larger reproductive allotment (RA) and brood size but smaller embryo size in the wet season and a higher percentage of gravid females found in the wet season compared to the dry, 86% to 49% for B. episcopi and 71% to 45% for B. roswithae. Female B. terrabensis showed different responses to seasonal changes. RA, brood size and embryo size were all larger in the wet season than in the dry season. The percentage of gravid females among those of reproductive size was 37% in the wet season compared to 10% in the dry season. Patterns of male size varied between the three species, with more muted seasonal differences than was found with females of all three species. Brachyrhaphis terrabensis males showed a much wider size range, possibly indicative of two male reproductive strategies in the species. There is a gradient in several measures from lowland to highland species such as highland reproduction apparently stopping entirely in the dry season.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».