ON THE STATE OF LEGAL SUPPORT OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES IN UKRAINE: THROUGH THE PRISM OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The development of information technologies is accelerated in the modern world. The digitization of socio-economic relations is carried out on the basis of peer-to-peer blockchain technology. Bitcoin is a cryptographic protocol. The article shows that, to date, there is no common understanding of Cryptocurrency, in some sources they are treated as currency and other goods or raw materials in other. At this moment, cryptocurrency in Ukraine is not regulated at all. This article discusses the potential legal classification of Bitcoin and the consequences thereto. Bitcoin has been, and continues to be, used by some for the purchase of illegal substances and in furtherance of crimes. Nonetheless, Bitcoin possesses significant economic upside over traditional currencies and methods of transaction online. The National Bank of Ukraine (NBU) has not yet recognized bitcoin or other encrypted currencies. Several bills to regulate encrypted money have been submitted, but none has yet been passed. The Ukrainian parliament has been actively trying to find a solution for creating a legislative and regulatory framework specific to the cryptocurrency industry. Ukrainian draft laws give their own definition of crypto-currency, mining and other specific terms; stipulate those who have the right to engage in mining, how the activities of exchanges are regulated, and the attendant moments, such as legal responsibility and specific taxation. Yet, the proposed legislation has not yet been passed into the law. Ukraine should monitor world trends and not miss a chance to use new technologies and innovations in the financial sector. On the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign practices, a number of non-regulated by Ukrainian law of the creation and circulation of cryptocurrencies have been identified by the law of Ukraine, proposed ways of resolving issues of determining their legal nature and legal regulation. The situation regarding the definition of legal status of cryptographic goods in foreign countries and Ukraine is analyzed. The main points to be solved in the course of approval of the right regulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine are determined. REFERENCES Liashenko V.I., Vyshnevskyi O.S. Tsyfrova modernizatsiia ekonomiky Ukrainy yak mozhlyvist proryvnoho rozvytku: monohrafiia. Kyiv, 2018 [in Ukrainian]. Cryptocurrency Market Capitalizations. Top 100 Cryptocurrencies by Market Capitalization. URL: https://coinmarketcap.com Ponsford M.A Comparative Analysis of Bitcoin and Other Decentralised Virtual Currencies: Legal Regulation in the People’s Republic of China, Canada, and the United States. Hong Kong Journal of Legal Studies. 2015. Vol. 9. URL: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2554186 Kryptovaliuta: Zibraty po kryptakh. Kryptofakhivtsi roziasniuiut yurystam znachennia naiposhyrenishykh sliv “latyny maibutnoho” kryptomovy. Za materialamy vydannia “Ukrainskyi Yuryst”. URL: http://axon.partners/uk/blog/cryproalphabet/ [in Ukrainian]. Nermin Hajdarbegovic. Japan Makes First Bitcoin-Related Drug Arrest. Coindesk. May 9, 2014. URL: . https://www.coindesk.com/japan-makes-first-bitcoin-related-drug-arrest Pravove rehuliuvannia kryptovaliutnoho biznesu. Axon Partners, ForkLog Research. URL: http://axon.partners/wpcontent/uploads/2017/02/Global-Issues-of-Bitcoin-Businesses-Regulation.pdf [in Ukrainian]. The Federal Reserve System’s semiannual monetary policy report to the Congress. The U.S. Government Printing Office. September 17, 2015. URL: http://www.cftc.gov/PressRoom/PressReleases/pr7231-15 Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union. L 267. 10.10.2009. P. 7—17. Court of Justice of the European Union PRESS RELEASE No 128/15. URL: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2015-10/cp150128en.pdf O razvitii tsifrovoy ekonomiki: Dekret Prezidenta Respubliki Belorus ot 21.12.2017 No. 8. URL: http://president.gov.by/ru/official_documents_ru/view/dekret-8-ot-21-dekabrja-2017-g-17716/ [in Russian]. V instytuti Patona pratsiuvala nezakonna fabryka Bitcoin. Informatsiinyi Aktsent. URL: https://www.infa.ua/v-insty-tutipatona-pratsyuvala-nezakonna-fabry-ka-bitcoin/ [in Ukrainian]. Prokuratura y SBU vyluchyly v Kyievi 400 bitkoin-ferm. Informatsiinyi Aktsent. URL: https://www.infa.ua/v-insty-tutipatona-pratsyuvala-nezakonna-fabry-ka-bitcoin/ [in Ukrainian]. Pro obih kryptovaliuty v Ukraini: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy vid 06.10.2017 No. 7183. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=62684 [in Ukrainian]. Pro stymuliuvannia rynku kryptovaliut ta yikh pokhidnykh v Ukraini: proekt Zakonu Ukrainy vid 10.10.2017 No. 7183-1. URL: http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=62710 [in Ukrainian].
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,005 | 0,006 |
| Communication savante | 0,007 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».