Using biosolids as a water source in non-catalytic hydrolysis reactions for biofuel production
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Biosolids are residues produced from the treatment of municipal sludge and are rich in organic materials. The growing volume of biosolids and concerns over microbial safety highlight the difficulties associated with biosolids disposal. Canada generates about 660,000 dry tons of biosolids annually,[1, 2] which is becoming an environmental issue. The biosolids used in this study are semisolids containing mostly water. Biosolids have difficulty settling, and the microbes and heavy metal content adds complexity to biosolids disposal. Furthermore, the cost of biosolids management accounts for more than half of the total operating cost of a wastewater treatment facility. Currently, solutions for safe disposal and utilization of biosolids have become ever more diverse, especially its application in energy recovery and biofuel production. A two-step lipid pyrolysis approach has been designed to be a sustainable biofuel technology that can widely use renewable lipid feedstocks. Thermal hydrolysis will convert lipids into protonated fatty acids, which later can be used as feedstock for pyrolysis to produce hydrocarbon-based drop-in fuels (Indistinguishable from petroleum-based hydrocarbons). Also, the hydrolysis process promotes the settling of biosolids. Several studies have investigated the thermal hydrolysis of brown grease with water, but nothing has been reported on using biosolids as the water source in the hydrolysis of brown grease. The primary goal of this study was to investigate the possibility of utilizing water and organic materials in biosolids for the hydrolysis process. The first objective of this research was to characterize the biosolids (water concentration >96%) and investigate the hydrolysis of unamended biosolids alone. The free fatty acids(FFA) in the hydrolysate were solvent extracted and analyzed to determine the impact of the hydrolysis on FFA %. The results showed that the quantity of lipid materials in biosolids following hydrolysis was too small but still can contribute for substantial hydrocarbon production. And the settling performance of the hydrolysates was excellent. In a second study, a renewable lipid feedstock, brown grease, was blended with biosolids to explore the hydrolysis performance of using biosolids as a substitute for water to hydrolyze brown grease, with regards to FFA% in the recovered lipid phase of hydrolysate and the FFA conversion. Different pH, reaction time, and temperature for hydrolysis were studied. The results showed the performance of the biosolids was similar to distilled water in terms of phase separation, FFA% and FFA conversion. The third research objective focused on the quality of the biosolids-hydrolyzed brown grease lipid phase influenced by the temperature. The hydrolysis was conducted at three different temperatures, starting from 280°C, and at a water-to-oil ratio of 5:1. Sulfur, nitrogen and other compounds were analyzed. Biosolids performed similarly to water in terms of free fatty acid conversion, but had slightly elevated sulfur and nitrogen content in the product.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».