The Role of Vegetation in Mine Waste Cover Systems with Particular Reference to Australian Mine Rehabilitation
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Vegetation can potentially assist in limiting the ingress of water into rock dumps or tailings storage facilities, an attractive potential when the geochemical characteristics of such waste materials indicate that water ingress should be minimal in order to reduce long-term impacts and liabilities. However, the presence and/or necessity for vegetation can present potential conflicts for cover design and management as the cover system objectives are often to minimize the amount of cover material required and to establish a low-cost but effective means of removing water from above the waste to reduce the likelihood of deep drainage. Due to the physical nature and heterogeneity of particle sizes and sorting characteristics of many cover materials used, the distribution patterns of water infiltration into constructed profiles may be very irregular, with penetration to depth (and thus potentially the underlying waste material or impervious capping layer) a high probability in zones of higher hydraulic conductivity. This irregularity of water distribution will also result in heterogeneous patterns of vegetation distribution and growth, especially in low rainfall environments. Although actual evapo-transpiration can account for up to 90% of annual rainfall at some locations, vegetation is unlikely to dry cover material completely or prevent water percolation through the root zone during high intensity precipitation events, especially if vegetation distribution and infiltration patterns are irregular. In humid environments, a seasonal water table is likely to develop, making lateral water discharge from within the cover essential, and the integrity of any impervious capping layer (if present over the waste as a part of the design) capable of preventing penetration by plant roots. In semi-arid environments, a thick cover of benign rock may prevent infiltrating water from ever reaching the impervious capping layer, provided plant roots can penetrate the wetting zone and extract all of the water. Trees have many shallow ephemeral roots and fewer roots that may penetrate more than 20 m but they require permanent water for survival. Grasses on the other hand may have a root biomass that fluctuates more between seasons and their dense root systems may be more effective than those of woody plants in removing water from the surface horizons. Detailed site physical and plant physiological data enable soil and plant water balance and plant growth models to predict temporal variations in vegetation cover, but site heterogeneity requires the use of two- or three-dimensional models. There is also the need to increase the capacity to model and quantify the contribution of vegetation to the hydrological processes occurring in cover systems. This paper reviews the information that provided the background and context for a current major research program involving three Australian universities, Canadian collaborators and nine mining company sponsors. Among other goals, this project seeks to increase the understanding of the role of vegetation in cover performance, and the extent of variation in the function and performance of covers over time due to cover construction design, climate, soil physical and chemical changes, and the likely effects of vegetation changes. All sources of variability must be considered in cover design, and if site and species characteristics are well understood, the extent of variation can be indicated clearly and unreal expectations concerning the role and impact of a vegetative cover can be avoided. The Role of Vegetation in Mine Waste Cover Systems with Particular Reference to D.R. Mulligan et al. Australian Mine Rehabilitation
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».