Effects of Saturated Fatty Acids from Butter and Cheese on High‐density Lipoprotein (HDL)‐Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
OBJECTIVE The association between dietary saturated fat (SFA) intake and cardiovascular disease risk remains controversial. Emerging data suggest that SFA from different sources may show different association with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic risk. The objective of this study was to examine how SFA from cheese (CHEESE) influences HDL‐mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), a key anti‐atherogenic property of HDL, compared with a low fat/high carbohydrate diet (CHO), a diet rich in SFA from butter (BUTTER) and diets either high in monounsaturated (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). METHODS A total of 46 men and women with abdominal obesity and with relatively low HDL cholesterol (HDL‐C) completed this randomized crossover controlled trial consisting of 5 predetermined isoenergetic diets of 4 weeks each (): 1) CHEESE, 2) BUTTER, 3) MUFA, 4) PUFA, 5) CHO. All foods were provided to participants during each experimental diet. CEC was assessed with radiolabelled J774 macrophages using apolipoprotein B depleted serum samples taken from participants at the end of each dietary phase. HDL lipid composition (gas chromatography) and HDL particle size distribution (polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis) were also assessed. RESULTS All higher fat diets increased HDL‐C concentrations compared to CHO (all p<0.001). BUTTER and CHEESE increased low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) concentrations more than CHO, MUFA and PUFA diets, particularly among individuals with high baseline LDL‐C (all p<0.001). LDL‐C concentrations tended to be greater after BUTTER than after CHEESE (p=0.07). BUTTER, PUFA and CHEESE significantly increased large HDL2b levels compared to CHO (all p≤0.01). BUTTER also increased HDL2b levels more than MUFA (p=0.04). There was no difference in HDL‐mediated CEC between CHEESE and CHO (p=NS). BUTTER significantly increased HDL‐mediated CEC compared to CHEESE and CHO (both p<0.05). MUFA also increased CEC compared to CHEESE and CHO (both p<0.05). PUFA had no significant effect on HDL CEC compared to the others diets (p=NS). The increase in LDL‐C after BUTTER (vs. CHO) was significantly correlated with concurrent increase in CEC in men (r=0.44, p=0.04), but not in women (r=0.27, p=0.20). CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of a matrix effect modulating the effects of dairy SFA on HDL characteristics and function, with greater changes seen with SFA from butter than with SFA from cheese in men and women with abdominal obesity and with relatively low HDL‐C levels. The increase in HDL‐mediated CEC seen with SFA from butter parallels the increase in LDL‐C among men, but not among women. Additional studies assessing other HDL functions will provide further insights on how the food source may modify the effects of SFA on cardiometabolic risk. Support or Funding Information Dairy Research Cluster Initiative ( Dairy Farmers of Canada, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, the Canadian Dairy Network and the Canadian Dairy Commission) and the National Dairy Council . Macronutrients (% energy), calcium, sodium and fibers content of experimental diets CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA CHO Lipids (%) 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 25.0 SFA (%) 12.6 12.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 MUFA (%) 12.5 12.3 19.6 12.6 12.6 PUFA (%) 4.8 4.8 4.8 11.5 4.8 Carbohydrates (%) 51.9 52.0 51.9 51.9 58.9 Proteins (%) 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 Calcium (mg/2500 kcal) 1261 811 812 812 842 Sodium (mg/2500 kcal) 2482 2480 2479 2479 2485 Fibers (g/2500 kcal) 31 31 31 31 31
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».