Where to Take a Rest: An Attention Restoration Theory Perspective
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The purpose of the present study is to test the following research questions: RQ1.How does individuals' presence experience during exposure to 360° virtual nature differently affect the subjective evaluation of perceived restorativeness?RQ2.How does individuals' presence experience during exposure to 360° virtual nature differently affect involuntary attention restoration as indicated by the modulation of auditory Mismatch Negativity (aMMN) and P3a amplitude?;RQ3.Will the 'subjective' self-reported and 'objective' event-related potential (ERP) responses be congruent?Based on attention restoration theory [1], nature can allow depleted directed attention to rest and restore by drawing involuntary attention that requires no efforts.According to previous ERP studies on the during-effect of meditation, long-term mediators showed significantly reduced aMMN [2] and P3a [3] amplitudes than non-mediators.Assuming that the differences in individual's presence level would boost this meditation-like effect [4] and the aMMN would be attention-independent [5], we hypothesized that people with a high level of presence experience would have significantly increased perceived restorativeness scale (PRS) scores and reduced P3a responses to the natural virtual environment (VE) than those with a low level of presence experience.A total of forty healthy volunteers (22 males), aged 19 to 36 years (M = 23.78,SE = .56),were enrolled in this experiment.The 360° nature video was chosen from Google YouTube and then edited (Size: 4K, 3840 × 1920 pixels; Running time: 5 m 53 s).While actively viewing the video with LG VR glasses compatible with a LG G5 smartphone on, participants were guided to concentrate only on the give visual task and to ignore task-irrelevant incoming sounds via headphones.A passive auditory oddball paradigm was designed to last for 5 m 30 s and composed of 750-Hz standard (180 trials; 75 dB) and 1000-Hz deviant (60 trials; 75 dB) tones and the inter-stimulus-interval randomly presented between 1000 ms and 1300 ms.After the video ended, all participants were asked to fill out the PRS [6] and presence questionnaires [7,8].An independent samples t-test was performed to compare the PRS scores and MMN/P3a complex amplitudes between the two groups divided by a median split on the presence scale: (1) low-presence group [If PQ =< 84, N = 21; M = 72.90,SE = 2.39] and (2) high-presence group [If 84 < PQ, N = 19; M = 97.63,SE = 2.02].It was found that when viewing the natural VE, the high presence group (M = 110.84,SE = 5.59) showed significantly higher PRS scores than the low presence group (M = 92.57,SE = 4.83), t (38) = -2.487,p < .05),but both aMMN [t (38) = .808,NS] and P3a [t (38) = .930,NS] amplitudes were not significantly lower in the high presence group.In conclusion, individual's presence experience failed to strengthen the restorative effect of exposure to virtual nature, and their self-reported and ERP responses to virtual nature experience appeared to be incongruent.These findings might be explained by the possibility of unsatisfied full sensorial richness or satisfied presence sensation in the 360° VE.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,005 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».