Environmental Law Enforcement in The Perspective if Indonesia and Australia: Case Study of Forest Fires
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Forest is recognized playing a crucial role in Earth's life circle, specifically in terms the existence of human beings. As year goes by, the area of forest has been decreased significantly due to deforestation. Human beings claims that they need wider space area to live, build a house and run a factory or create a plantation to support businesses. They intentionally fires some forest areas without eco-sustainability consideration. In Indonesia, particularly, the cases of forest fires have been considered at critical level. To add, most of forest fires cases are done intentionally by the suspects. Those actions thus negatively impact a massive scope of ecosystem. Specifically speaking, it is not forest fires that brings drawbacks to the ecosystem, but the haze itself. The massive dark haze as a result of forest fires certainly pollutes the air which causes some breathing system-related diseases. Simply said, the disadvantages of forest fires have been violating human beings welfare (against humanity) and therefore be considered as a criminal action. Globally speaking, intentional forest fires have been ruled under criminal code in some countries such as Canada and Australia. Moreover, in attempt to overcome forest fires issues, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) provides a guideline for national legal drafters regulating forest fires law. Accordingly, those who are accused by criminal codes will be punished pursuant to criminal penalties regulated. In the States of Victoria (Australia), for example, criminal penalties of intentional forest fires (arson) have been effectively sentenced. From 2007-2012, 73 people were sentenced in custodial type by judges. On the contrary, although Indonesia has been regulated criminal penalties for intentional forest fires actors, they seem less powerful and effective in practice. Recently, on July 2016, Riau's forest fires case was intentionally dissolved by Indonesian National Police Officer. This fact thus raises an issue as to whether Indonesian Criminal Penalties for intentional forest fires actors have been effectively applied. This research aims to discover and solve the aforementioned issue. As a positive attempt, authors expects that this research will provide some recommendations to create more effective sentencing systems for the suspects. Authors will use sustainable forestry principles. In the end, Authors are expecting Indonesia will be able to overcome its forest fires cases effectively and more efficient.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».