Water Ion Interactions at Crude-Oil/Water Interface and Their Implications for Smart Waterflooding in Carbonates
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Summary Smart waterflooding (SWF) through tailoring of injection-water salinity and ionic composition is receiving favorable attention in the industry for both improved and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in carbonate reservoirs. Surface/intermolecular forces, thin-film dynamics, and capillary/adhesion forces at rock/fluid interfaces govern crude-oil liberation from pores. On the other hand, stability and rigidity of oil/water interfaces control the destabilization of interfacial film to promote coalescence between released oil droplets and to improve the oil-phase connectivity. As a result, the dynamics of oil recovery in smart waterflood is caused by the combined effect of favorable interactions occurring at both oil/brine and oil/brine/rock interfaces across the thin film. Most of the laboratory studies reported so far have been focused on only studying the interactions at rock/fluid interfaces. However, the other important aspect of characterizing water ion interactions at the crude oil/water interface and their impact on film stability and oil-droplet coalescence remains largely unexplored. A detailed experimental investigation was conducted to understand the effects of different water ions at the crude-oil/water interface by using several instruments such as Langmuir trough, interfacial shear rheometer, Attension tensiometer, and coalescence time-measurement apparatus. The reservoir crude oil and four different water recipes with varying salinities and individual ion concentrations were used. Interfacial tension (IFT), interface pressures, compression energy, interfacial viscous and elastic moduli, oil-droplet crumpling ratio, and coalescence time between crude-oil droplets are the major experimental data measured. The IFTs are found to be the largest for deionized (DI) water, followed by the 10-times-reduced-salinity seawater and 10-times-reduced-salinity seawater enriched with sulfates. Interfacial pressures gradually increased with compressing surface area for all the brines and DI water. The compression energy (integration of interfacial pressure over the surface-area change) is the highest for DI water, followed by the lower-salinity brine containing sulfate ions, indicating rigid interfaces. The transition times of interfacial layer to become elastic-dominant from viscous-dominant structures are found to be much shorter for brines enriched with sulfates, once again confirming the rigidity of interface. The crumpling ratios (oil drop wrinkles when contracted) are also higher with the two recipes of DI water and sulfates-only brine to indicate the same trend and to confirm elastic rigid skin at the interface. The coalescence time between oil droplets was the least in brines containing sufficient amounts of magnesium and calcium ions, while the highest in DI water and sulfate-rich brine, respectively. These results, therefore, showed a good correlation of coalescence times with the rigidity of oil/water interface, as interpreted from different measurement techniques. This study, thereby, integrates consistent results obtained from different measurement techniques at the crude-oil/water interface to demonstrate the importance of both salinity and certain ions, such as magnesium and calcium, on crude-oil-droplets coalescence, and to improve oil-phase connectivity in smart waterflood.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».