Mitigation of climate change using the flexible mechanisms provided for in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol

Countries of the world has realized the importance of confronting the likelihood of climate change during the first conference of the World Climate Programme in 1979 which emphasized the need for cooperation of countries of the world to monitor and reduce climate change, the star from human activities. International efforts have culminated in the preparation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, opened for signature by States parties on the sidelines of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit) in Brazil in 1992. This agreement, in fact, designed to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous interference by human activities in the climate system which confirmed the Convention to achieve this level within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt to change climate and ensure at the same time not to endanger food production at risk and characterize to move forward in sustainable development that are intended to "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs" (1). The Convention entered into force in in 1994 a framework agreement includes commitments from countries to achieve the goal of the Convention to be more committed to the obligations of States Parties to the Convention. I have held during the years after entry into force of the role of several conferences of States Parties to the Convention, which resulted in 1997 in the conference held in Japan in the city of Kyoto on the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol on global warming. This protocol includes the specific obligations on States parties in order to reduce the emission levels of greenhouse gases and to enable countries, especially developed ones, to meet its obligations under the Protocol has approved the protocol mechanisms called flexible mechanisms (Flexibility Mechanisms) to help countries to reach their goals downward with minimal losses and lower costs, and perhaps without any losses. The selection of these mechanisms has been the subject of this research because of its importance at the present time to study them and to indicate what the meaning of these mechanisms and rules governing it and its applications. What are these mechanisms and are intended to rules and organized by the positions of them and their applications will be the themes that will be discussed in this research which was divided in three sections dealt with the first of which the nature of the flexible mechanisms in the second section address the definition of three mechanisms, which included in the Protocol The third section has dealt with some of the applications made available to us on these mechanisms and seal research conclusion included some of the conclusions and recommendations. boot / access to the flexible mechanisms: This protocol includes the specific obligations on States parties in order to reduce the emission levels of greenhouse gases in the period between 2008 - 2012 by not less than 5% compared with Msuiatha in in 1990. The carbon dioxide is primarily responsible for global warming by about 50%, in addition to the gas there are other gases are are also causing this phenomenon as a gas of methane gas and nitrous oxide and hydrocarbons halogenated Hiksa fluorides of sulfur. The Kyoto Protocol rules to ensure basic agreed at the Conference of the Parties held in 2001 in Bonn and Marrakech, while the United States, which is the largest contributor to global warming emissions by an estimated 25% of the global emission rate may circumvent its obligations under the Protocol and refused to ratify the Protocol. One of the most important statement in the protocol is to establish mechanisms that will be flexible throughout this research, namely: 1. Emissions trading (Emission Trading) a trade emissions quotas for each state. Under the terms of this mechanism has the right to state-of-purchase rights of the parties from another State Party to the Protocol and thereby not commit the State to reduce emissions of procuring quantities of gases emanating from their territory. 2. Clean Development Mechanism (clean development mechanism) and are intended to work on the development of projects concerned with preservation of the environment in poor countries as projects to generate energy from renewable sources as well as the protection of forests in developing countries. 3. JI (joint implementation) and are intended to work on the projects undertaken by industrial countries for the benefit of other countries, for example, the countries of Western Europe for projects to generate energy more efficiently in the countries of Eastern Europe. This Protocol came the obligations incumbent on States parties and committed countries both developed and industrialized in the world to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases and collectively, and by at least 5% for the period between 2008-2012. The rate reduction approved by the protocol was different from one country to another has committed Protocol: 1. EU countries and the countries of Central Europe and Switzerland cut by an 8% 2. The United States has kept her cut by 7%. 3. Canada, Hungary, Poland, Japan and 6%. 4. Norway 1%. 5. Maintain both Russia and Ukraine and New Zealand on the levels of emissions have. 6. Australia 8%. 7. Iceland 10%. (2) who has committed the protocol need to achieve, compared with levels in 1990. On the other hand the Protocol has been awarded the sustainability of these countries the right of the flexible mechanisms approved by the Protocol in order to be able to achieve its goals in the reduction of the lowest costs and losses in other words, the lowest economic cost. These mechanisms are the catalyst and motivation for industrialized countries and a major cause of global warming to be a party to this Protocol and then contribute to the reduction of this phenomenon and the serious consequences resulting therefrom provided that the application of these mechanisms complement the programs of national states to reduce their emissions, which is the main part to fulfill their obligations ( 3). and tell it must be noted that these mechanisms has gained legitimacy through the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which must be designed and used to gain access to a real reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases blamed for global warming. These mechanisms, in fact, in order to serve the purpose of which must be based on a set of principles of the principle of transparency in determining the units of the cut and to what extent we can allow the Parties to the Protocol, trafficking and who is responsible for the identification and trafficking

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