Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Fish out of water should, by definition, be uncomfortable, but amphibious fish appear to suffer no ill effects. Whether they are dragging themselves out to catch a snack or holing up in a decaying mangrove trunk for months to wait out the dry season, tiny mangrove rivulus (Kryptolebias marmoratus) are at ease in and out of water. According to Pat Wright and colleagues from the University of Guelph, Canada, and the University of California, Davis, USA, the versatile fish are able to convert their skins into ad hoc lungs by increasing the number of capillaries close to the surface to absorb more oxygen from their surroundings; however, Wright also wondered whether the beached fish improve other aspects of their oxygen delivery system to compensate for a lack of water.After transferring the adaptable creatures to damp boxes for periods ranging from a day up to a week, Wright and Tessa Blanchard measured: the point at which the oxygen carried in the fish's blood is no longer able to sustain their metabolic rate, how well the fish maintain their metabolic rates as the amount of oxygen available to them declines and how their metabolic rate altered over time. In addition, the pair measured the amount of oxrygen-carrying material in the blood and how quickly the genes that trigger blood capillary formation were activated.Impressively, the fish increased the amount of oxygen that they were able to extract directly from the air within a day of emerging from water – in line with increasing the amount of oxygen-carrying material in the blood – and were able to maintain their metabolic rate, despite inhaling less oxygen. In addition, Andrew Whitehead and Yunwei Dong from the University of California, Davis, USA, showed that the fish activate the genes that trigger blood capillary growth in the skin within an hour of leaving the water, to supplement the blood supply to the skin.However, it seemed to take a week for the fish to reduce their metabolic rate in order to further eke out their energy when starving during the dry season. The animals were also able to sustain their metabolic rate while inhaling less oxygen. And when the team compared the responses of fish from different locations – Florida, Honduras and Belize – the Honduras fish acclimated more rapidly to being out of water than the fish from Belize, which Wright says ties in with their ability to survive in the air for longer.So amphibious fish seem to tackle extended periods out of water in two stages: an initially brief period, which allows them to survive short episodes out of water, and a longer-term strategy, which allows them to endure the dry season.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».