Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Technology Focus There is nothing wrong with change, if it is in the right direction.—Winston Churchill In the artificial-lift community, do we understand the current technology well enough to know what improvements are needed? Are we advancing technology or just providing “band-aid” solutions because the root cause of failure is not understood? Where does the industry need to focus effort—technology development or reduction of failures caused by poor design, installation, and operating practices? Questions such as these were the driving force behind two industry consortiums to develop databases to collect thousands of electrical-submersible-pump (ESP) and progressing-cavity-pump (PCP) installation and failure records for performance analysis and benchmarking (www.esprifts.com and www.pcprifts.com, respectively). Data collection and its analysis from the databases have become very valuable in understanding the performance and reliability of these lift systems. Some of the lessons learned from the PCP consortium will be presented at the 2010 SPE Progressing Cavity Pumps Conference (PCPC) to be held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in September. Both the PCP and ESP industries have been impaired by a lack of standardization, especially in the areas of equipment rating, testing, and nomenclature. In 2009, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published a revised ISO 15136-1 as an international standard for PCP equipment, and a session on its use will be presented at the 2010 SPE PCPC. Currently ISO 15551-1, which is expected to be the new international standard for ESP systems, is in development and will, undoubtedly, be a hot topic for discussion at the 2011 SPE ESP Workshop in Texas in April. The reliability-improvement consortiums and the development of new international standards are helping to define where we are today as an industry and provide clear direction for technology advancement. The three artificial-lift papers featured in this section contain unique solutions that may become starting points from which other developments may evolve: The geared centrifugal pump has a distinctive downhole-transmission assembly that offers an opportunity for other pump configurations to be driven by a rod string, a method to use gas lift above and below a packer in a single completion with long perforation intervals might expand to areas other than unloading tight gas wells, and the use of hybrid data-evaluation models to visualize and analyze production information better may become an essential tool for artificial-lift selection and optimization. The papers selected for additional reading also contain innovative artificial-lift solutions. Artificial Lift additional reading available at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org SPE 124926 - “Real-Time Diagnostics of Gas Lift Systems Using Intelligent Agents: A Case Study” by G. Stephenson, SPE, Occidental Petroleum, et al.(See JPT, May 2010, page 55, and SPE Prod & Oper, February 2010, page 111.) SPE 124646 - “Application of Beam-Pumping Wells’ Energy-Saving Rebuilding Techniques in Daqing Oil Field” by Wang Fengshan, SPE, Daqing Oilfield Co., et al. SPE 124515 - “Plunger-Lift Modeling Toward Efficient Liquid Unloading in Gas Wells” by G. Chava, SPE, Texas A&M University (now at Chevron), et al.(See SPE Proj Fac & Const, March 2010, page 38.)
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,007 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,325 | 0,207 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».