Shale Gas Drilling Performance Break Through in Wei Yuan– Relentless Scientific and Engineering Approaches for the Unconventional Resources in Central China
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Being the world's third largest shale gas producer after the US and Canada, China delivered an output of 9 billion cubic meters (bcm) in 2017. China has the world's largest technically recoverable reserves of shale gas, of which US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates at 31.6 tcm, 68% higher than shale reserves in the US. Unlike the US who started to explore shale gas in the 1980s, China only completed the first shale gas well in 2011. Development of shale gas resources is expected to play a vital role in China's enthusiastically planned transition to a low-carbon energy future. On September 14th, 2016, Chinese National Energy Board released Shale Gas Development Plan 2016-2020. In the plan, shale gas production goal was set at 30 bcm for 2020. With an average shale gas production of 20MCM per well per year, it is estimated that a minimum of 1500 horizontal wells with 1000m lateral length are needed by the year of 2020. The question arises whether what kind of drilling performance is needed to meet the aggressive development target. In less than a decade, Petro China, its subsidiaries and contractors have made significant breakthroughs in shale gas exploration, not only in capacity, but also drilling techniques. The paper captures the success and lessons that the drillers had gained in the last 7 years in terms of drilling performance. It is well known that China shale gas reserves are in geologically challenging areas. The challenges consisted of hard formations with kicks, losses, frequent stuck pipe and over pressure formation. The problems were amplified by high geological formation dip, faults, and stratigraphic uncertainties. In this harsh drilling environment, rate of penetration was slow, trajectory control is difficult, mud weight and circulating pressure are high, downhole torsional vibration, drilling torque and stick&slip are high, rig equipment and downhole tools fail prematurely, and non-productive time is excessive. Over the years, the team had demonstrated that with systematic, scientific and engineering drilling approaches, a considerable improvement in drilling performance can be achieved. To deliver and execute the optimized drilling approaches, high intregration and synergy between each drilling segment are required. These approaches are nothing new in the drilling world, these are optimization in Well Plan, Mud Properties, Rig Capacity & Drilling Parameters, Bottome Hole Aseembly (BHA) selection and design, best Drilling Practice and Drilling Operation Efficiency. These are all part of a formula to success; the key is to rightly balance each one of them. The team sucessfully reduce average well days from 120 to 30 in one particular field. Along the way, the team also identify a few more components to the formula of success, with that, the short-term goal shall be further reducing the well days to 25 days, and less than 20 days in long term.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».