Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 190134, “Securing California Gas Supplies by Storage in Mature Fractured Monterey Reservoirs Offshore California,” by Iraj Ershaghi, SPE, Donald L. Paul, SPE, and Saran Kaba, SPE, University of Southern California, prepared for the 2018 SPE Western Regional Meeting, Garden Grove, California, USA, 22–27 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper discusses studies conducted on two California offshore fields that may be abandoned in the near future. These studies examined the feasibility of repurposing these fields for offshore gas storage by using their reservoir voidage and existing pipeline facilities. These storage sites could offer a significant alternative to the current onshore sites located in highly populated urban areas of the state. Introduction California has been a major oil-producing state since the turn of the 20th century. However, in terms of current natural gas production, California’s indigenous production meets only approximately 10% of state demand. Gas imports are delivered on interstate pipelines from sources in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions of the US and western Canada. The majority of gas delivered to California is consumed directly or pumped into onshore storage fields. California currently has 14 onshore gas-storage fields used to stabilize the supply system. The total current onshore storage capacity is approximately 600 Bcf, with the working capacity being approximately 375 Bcf. Background and Field Characteristics A year-long study of issues related to gas-storage fields in California concluded that significant investment would be needed for additional pipelines and gas-compression systems if all onshore storage facilities were to be shut down. While new regulations are in place to reduce the risk of current onshore storage fields, alternatives need to be considered that would be reliable for expanded demand. The study concluded that there is no method for storing electricity that can replace the need for gas to meet the winter peak. (Note that approximately 50% of gas is for nonpower uses.) Uncertainties are also associated with renewable sources as a substitute for gas for generating electricity. The study indicated that Californian consumption of natural gas currently is approximately 6.6 Bcf/D. However, the study points out that there may be a drop in demand for natural gas. Several issues loom on the horizon, one being the increasing liability associated with operating gas-storage fields in urban areas. Another is that, if some or all these onshore sites are decommissioned, insufficient storage capacity exists to address increased use of natural gas in California. An alternative exists in the form of offshore storage fields. Semidepleted offshore fields present an opportunity for this purpose. Some of these oil-producing operations may be reaching the abandonment stage during the next decade. Total abandonments may result in the removal of offshore platforms and plugging of existing wells, denying Californians further access to nearby offshore reservoirs.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».