Habitual residence in cross-border family relationships - an Overview
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The operation of habitual residence in International Family Law is topical with regard to the determination of international jurisdiction, referring to international competence and applicable law.It is a factual notion introduced by the Hague Conference on Private International Law, intentionally without an international definition being provided.The reason of such 'vacuum legis' is that habitual residence, as a prevailing connecting factor specifically in the field of child protection, should respond to the better proximity between the beneficiary of the Treaties (i.e.Hague Child Protection Conventions and EU Parental Responsibility Regulation) and the State authorities internationally competent.Increasing international mobility, crosscultural marriages, migration fluxes may involve children establishing attachments with more than one Country.Therefore other notions, connecting factors, such as domicile that is corroborated by an 'artificial or technical definition' requiring a 'permanent intent', and nationality that may face remoteness between the child and the State, could hardly assess proximity.Especially in a rapidly evolving context where the 'international settlement' of a child, according to his/her wish, or that of his/her parent/s, in one given Country should be assessable in a particular moment in time so that he or she could access justice in that Country.Access to justice means in the case of cross-border family conflicts as to guarantee parental responsibility and visitation to a child, to allow him/her a harmonious development within a suitable family environment, a parent-child relationship, as far as possible, and that all decisions should be taken in the child's best interests.The principle of proximity should reflect the access to justice in a State that is close to protect the child's interests.2 The Oxford dictionary defines the term 'habitual' as « something done regularly, constantly or as a habit ».The Cambridge dictionary defines the term 'residence' as « the place of staying or living ».Duhaime's Law dictionary concludes that in accordance with case law from UK, US and Canada taken as references, the term 'habitual residence' refers to « a place of settled dwelling which constitutes a person's ordinary residence ».The issue here lies in the existence of 'quasi-definitions' of habitual residence mentioned not only in the dictionaries referred to as basic cultural information but also in some of the national civil codes, private international law acts or even habitual residence acts.This may be considered as contrary 3 to what was 1 Assistant Lecturer at the Department of Private International Law. 2 Brussels II bis, recital 12: « The grounds of jurisdiction in matters of parental responsibility established in the present Regulation are shaped in the light of the best interests of the child, in particular on the criterion of proximity.This means that jurisdiction should lie in the first place with the Member State of the child's habitual residence, except for certain cases of a change in the child's residence or pursuant to an agreement between the holders of parental responsibility ». 3 P. LAGARDE, Explanatory Report on the 1996 Hague Child Protection Convention, § 40: « The discussion bore only on the desirability of inserting into the text of the Convention, a provision defining, for its purposes, the concept of habitual
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,006 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».