The labor market effects of employment -based health insurance: Health-related job-lock and job sorting.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Three studies of the labor market effects of employment-based health insurance (EBHI) were conducted for workers ages 20--55 years. These studies evaluated job-lock, or reduced worker mobility due to EBHI, and job sorting based on preferences for health benefits. All studies focused on how EBHI affects the job choices of workers with health problems. The first study considered the trend in job-lock for married workers based on the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (MMES) and the 1996--2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Interactions of health insurance with family health measures (difference-in-difference) yielded job-lock estimates ranging from 20--50 percent during 1987. Previous negative findings may be explained by methods used to identify job-lock and estimate models of job turnover. No strong evidence of job-lock was found during 1996--2000. Despite rising health care costs, job-lock did not become more pervasive, and may have been alleviated by a stronger economy and health insurance legislation. This is the first study of the recent trend in job-lock using relatively standardized methods. The second study considered whether key omitted variables might explain job-lock findings by studying Canadian workers, for whom health insurance will not affect job turnover. Data were obtained for single workers in the NMES, the MEPS and the 1996--99 Canadian National Population Health Survey. Based on a relative reduction in mobility due to higher-cost chronic illnesses for U.S. workers with EBHI, there was evidence of job-lock in 1987, but not in 1996--98. A similar reduction in mobility was not observed for Canadian workers, either overall or in relative terms for those predicted to hold EBHI. The third study examined job sorting by predicting job changes involving a gain or loss in health benefits for single workers in the MEPS. Chronic illnesses, especially higher-cost conditions and conditions afflicting uninsured family members (worker or child), were strong predictors of gaining health benefits through a new job. Health-related job sorting may have both positive and negative implications for efficient labor allocation. Relatively few transitions to jobs with health benefits among workers with costly health problems suggests important efficiency and equity issues related to health insurance coverage.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,012 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».