Metabolic Profiling of Maternal and Pup Serum using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Identifies Distinct Patterns for Nematode Infection and Dietary Protein Deficiency
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background Recent advances in Near‐Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy make it a suitable and inexpensive candidate technique for the analysis of biological fluids and the determination of metabolic profiles. However, few have applied this methodology to study diet and/or infection induced NIR spectral changes in serum that are experienced by nematode infected mice and their offspring. Objectives This study explored the possibility that NIR spectral analysis could: 1) identify metabolomic differences in lactating mice (n = 22) that were subjected to two levels of dietary protein (PD 6% and PS 24%) and two doses of nematode infection, uninfected (UN) and infected (IN) and 2) determine if these differences were similarly reflected in the serum of their nursing pups. Maternal serum and serum pooled from the pups in each litter (n = 25) were collected on day 21 postpartum. Methods A 4‐way comparison of the four experimental groups (PS‐UN, PS‐IN, PD‐UN and PD‐IN) was conducted for both dams and pups using 8 NIR spectral regions: 1650–1700nm (Region 1), 1701–1750nm (Region 2), 1850–1899nm (Region 3), 2050–2099nm (Region 4), 2100–2130nm (Region 5), 2130–2200nm (Region 6), 2275–2310nm (Region 7) and 2311–2370nm (Region 8). Experimental group differences were determined with a Kruskal‐Wallis test. Post hoc tests were performed using the Bonferroni correction. In all instances a value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Significant differences were found in lactating dams between diets for three ratios: Region 1:2, Region 1:7 and Region 2:7, reflecting a diet effect that was only observed in the infected dams, infection per‐se did not produced differences in maternal serum. In contrast to lactating dams, both maternal PD and infection were reflected in pup serum. The PS‐UN pups showed a very distinct pattern, with lower absorbance values than for the other 3 experimental groups (PS‐IN, PD‐IN. PD‐UN). Moreover, the NIR spectral profile of PS‐UN pups differed from PS‐IN pups in Region 1:4 and Region 3:6 and the profile of PS‐IN pups differed from PD‐IN pups in a single ration Region 2:6. Infection resulted in differences for one single region, Region 5, and six (6) spectral region ratios: Region 1:4, Region 2:3, Region 2:3, Region 3:5, Region 3:6, Region 6:7, Region 7:8 whereas protein deficiency resulted in differences for 2 ratios: Region 2:6 and Region 2:7. Conclusion These results demonstrate that NIR spectral regions, despite their small absorbance in the studied region, change between healthy and unhealthy mice suffering a chronic nematode ( H.bakeri ) infection, as well as a single nutrient deficiency, such as PD. These results show that metabolomic responses of the neonate to either maternal gastrointestinal nematode infection and/or maternal dietary protein deficiency differ, implying that the nursing pups, who were not directly exposed to either condition, continue to alter their metabolism throughout the duration of the maternal exposure to both stressors. The long‐term consequences of these adaptations require further exploration. Support or Funding Information NSERC, CIHR, SENACYT
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».