The development of a guideline on the selection of a charging and mooring mechanism for electric vessels: A case study for BC Ferries
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Due to the global climate change there is a increasing demand for transportation on renewable fuels. An increasing trend in electric propulsion can already be seen in the automotive industry and this is now also gaining popularity in the maritime sector. Due to limited capacity if the onboard battery, especially electric ferries are becoming more popular, because of the relative short sailing distances. The first electric ferry became operational in 2015 in Norway and since than a hand full of electric vessels was developed. An electric vessel requires a charging mechanism to charge while unloading and loading passengers in the port. Besides, generally also a mooring mechanism is necessary. This enables the vessel to turn off the propeller while charging which limits the energy demand while charging. Various systems have been developed already. However, these are not standardized solutions but all one of a kind systems designed for a specific vessel or fleet. Which of these is the best solution is not easy to determine and strongly depends on the vessel characteristics and the operating environment. To supply the expected increasing demand for electric vessels, a guideline is developed which will help the engineer to find a suitable charging and mooring mechanism and to decrease the selection time for this system. The will provide Damen a strategic advantage towards other shipyards in vessel tenders since both the development costs and delivery time is lower. This guideline is developed based on the knowledge gained during a case study for a 81m Ropax ferry, sailing in the surroundings of Vancouver Island. For the case study an engineering design method was selected from literature and applied to this case, for which Damen had a hard time finding a charging and mooring mechanism. First thought was to combine both into one mechanism, but this is difficult due to conflicting functionalities of both systems. Due to the limited time available for the research, the design of the mooring mechanism is not taken into account for the case study. Setting the requirements for the charging mechanism is complex due to the range of different fields of interest that should be taken into account. However, the requirements of these various aspects are often related in some way to one another. This makes it easy to lose sight of the structure of all requirements. Comparing the functions that the charging mechanism should fulfill within these requirements and the existing charging mechanisms, it can be concluded that no suitable system is available yet. The gap between these is defined as a set of three functions; to compensate the tidal difference, deal with misalignments between the vessel and the shore and to provide flexibility for vessel motions. A new design was made which covers this gap. Additional research was done to ensure sufficient flexibility from the power cable, since this proved to be critical in the state of the art systems. From the knowledge gained during this case study, the guideline is developed. The guideline provides insight in the influential factors while selecting an mechanism. This should offer the engineer a structure to set the requirements and ensures that no aspect is left out of the requirements. An overview with the already existing mechanisms is provided which should be consulted multiple times during the process, to check whether a suitable systems exist, if the requirements should are too tight or if the project is not profitable at all. The structure of the requirements is designed such, that the relative easy requirements are set first. This prevents from doing demanding calculations or going on expensive business trips, while it could have been seen earlier that a project is not feasible or profitable at least. The guideline is validated while selecting a charging mechanism for a different type of vessel. This validation proved to decrease the selection time for a charging mechanism significantly compared to previous projects within Damen. After the test, a charging system was found which is preferred for the vessel. This charger is now further discussed with the supplier of the system.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,007 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,005 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,006 | 0,004 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».