Hedgehog signaling promotes TH2 differentiation in naive human CD4 T cells

Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are intercellular signaling molecules that control development and tissue homeostasis. They also regulate thymocyte development and peripheral T-cell activation in mice and human subjects and have recently been shown to promote TH2 differentiation and function in mice.1Rowbotham N.J. Hager-Theodorides A.L. Cebecauer M. Shah D.K. Drakopoulou E. Dyson J. et al.Activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in T-lineage cells inhibits TCR repertoire selection in the thymus and peripheral T-cell activation.Blood. 2007; 109: 3757-3766Crossref PubMed Scopus (60) Google Scholar, 2Stewart G.A. Lowrey J.A. Wakelin S.J. Fitch P.M. Lindey S. Dallman M.J. et al.Sonic hedgehog signaling modulates activation of and cytokine production by human peripheral CD4+ T cells.J Immunol. 2002; 169: 5451-5457Crossref PubMed Scopus (85) Google Scholar, 3Furmanski A.L. Saldana J.I. Ono M. Sahni H. Paschalidis N. D'Acquisto F. et al.Tissue-derived hedgehog proteins modulate Th differentiation and disease.J Immunol. 2013; 190: 2641-2649Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 4Gutierrez-Frias C. Sacedon R. Hernandez-Lopez C. Cejalvo T. Crompton T. Zapata A.G. et al.Sonic hedgehog regulates early human thymocyte differentiation by counteracting the IL-7-induced development of CD34+ precursor cells.J Immunol. 2004; 173: 5046-5053Crossref PubMed Scopus (43) Google Scholar Sonic Hedgehog homologue (SHH) is involved in homeostasis of many epithelial tissues, and because these tissues are the sites of allergic disease, it is important to understand how Hh signaling influences human CD4 TH differentiation. Here we show that Hh signaling promotes human TH2 differentiation by using materials and methods described in Furmanski et al3Furmanski A.L. Saldana J.I. Ono M. Sahni H. Paschalidis N. D'Acquisto F. et al.Tissue-derived hedgehog proteins modulate Th differentiation and disease.J Immunol. 2013; 190: 2641-2649Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar and Yanez et al5Yanez D.C. Sahni H. Ross S. Solanki A. Lau C.I. Papaioannou E. et al.IFITM proteins drive type 2 T helper cell differentiation and exacerbate allergic airway inflammation.Eur J Immunol. 2019; 49: 66-78Crossref PubMed Scopus (29) Google Scholar and in the Methods section in this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org. We used quantitative RT-PCR to evaluate gene expression of components of the Hh signaling pathway in naive human CD4 T cells stimulated for 48 hours in TH0-, TH1-, or TH2-polarizing conditions. Expression levels of the Hh-responsive transcription factors glioma-associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) and GLI2 and the Hh cell-surface receptor patched 1 (PTCH1) were greater in CD4 T cells cultured under TH2-skewing conditions compared with those cultured under TH0 or TH1 conditions (Fig 1, A), suggesting that Hh signaling is involved in human TH differentiation or function. Because GLI1 and PTCH1 are Hh target genes, their greater expression in TH2-differentiated cells indicates that this population has overall greater Hh-mediated transcription. To test the influence of SHH signaling on TH differentiation, we stimulated purified naive human CD4 T cells from 12 independent, randomly selected anonymous donors for 4 days under skewing conditions with or without a single dose of recombinant Shh (rShh). Treatment with rShh significantly enhanced expression of the TH2 transcription factor GATA-3 in cells stimulated under TH2 conditions, whereas GATA-3 expression under TH0 conditions and T-bet expression under TH0 or TH1 conditions were not affected (Fig 1, B and C). Treatment of TH2-skewing cultures with rShh also increased the concentration of IL-4 in supernatants after 4 days of culture compared with control TH2-skewing cultures (Fig 1, D). Interestingly, the concentration of IFN-γ was lower when rShh was added compared with control TH1 cultures (Fig 1, E). After 7 days of culture and anti-CD3/CD28 restimulation, the proportion of CD4 T cells that expressed IL-4 was significantly increased in the presence of rShh under TH2 conditions (Fig 1, F). In contrast, the percentage of cells that expressed IFN-γ was reduced in TH1 plus rShh cultures compared with TH1 cells (Fig 1, G). Shh treatment increased GATA3 and IL4 expression in TH2 cultures (Fig 1, H), whereas rShh treatment decreased IFNG and TBX21 (T-bet) expression in TH1 cultures (Fig 1, I). These data indicate that Hh signaling promotes TH2 differentiation in human CD4 T cells, with simultaneous repression of IFN-γ and T-bet. We then investigated whether pharmacologic inhibition of the Hh signaling pathway by treatment with an inhibitor of the nonredundant Hh signal transduction molecule smoothened (SMO; PF-04449913) would impair TH2 differentiation.6Munchhof M.J. Li Q. Shavnya A. Borzillo G.V. Boyden T.L. Jones C.S. et al.Discovery of PF-04449913, a potent and orally bioavailable inhibitor of smoothened.ACS Med Chem Lett. 2012; 3: 106-111Crossref PubMed Scopus (133) Google Scholar The proportion of cells that expressed the TH1 lineage–specific transcription factor T-bet was not affected by SMO inhibitor treatment under skewing conditions (Fig 2, A). Likewise, no differences were found in expression of GATA-3 under neutral or TH1 conditions (Fig 2, B). However, SMO inhibitor treatment significantly reduced the proportion of CD4 T cells that expressed GATA-3 and Ki-67 (a marker of proliferation) when cultured under TH2-skewing conditions (Fig 2, B and C). SMO inhibition did not affect the percentage of cells that expressed IFN-γ under TH1 conditions, and as expected, IL-4 expression was low under TH1 conditions in both control and SMO inhibitor–treated cultures (Fig 2, D). However, when cultured under TH2 conditions, the percentage of cells that expressed IL-4 was significantly reduced by SMO inhibitor treatment (Fig 2, E). Analysis of cytokine concentrations in culture supernatants by means of ELISA showed that IFN-γ levels were similar in both groups under TH1 conditions (Fig 2, F), but under TH2 conditions, significantly lower concentrations of IL-4 were found in the SMO inhibitor group compared with the control group (Fig 2, G). Finally, we investigated transcript levels of IL4 and IFNG by using quantitative RT-PCR. In TH2-skewed cells IL4 expression was significantly lower in SMO inhibitor–treated cultures than control cultures (Fig 2, H), whereas IFNG transcript levels were not different between groups under TH1 conditions (Fig 2, I). Taken together, these analyses indicate that attenuation of Hh signal transduction by treatment with the SMO inhibitor reduced TH2 differentiation but did not affect TH1 fate. Here we show that Hh signaling promotes TH2 differentiation in human CD4 T cells. We found that treatment of naive CD4 T cells with rShh under TH2-skewing conditions increased expression of the transcription factor GATA-3, a reliable indicator of TH2 transcriptional identity. In support of this, IL4 expression was enhanced and IL-4 cytokine production was increased in TH2 cultures on treatment with rShh. In contrast, rShh treatment antagonized TH1 differentiation in TH1 cultures, leading to lower IFNG and TBX21 expression and a lower proportion of cells expressing intracellular IFN-γ. Attenuation of Hh signal transduction by pharmacologic SMO inhibition reduced TH2 differentiation: both GATA3 expression and IL4 expression were significantly decreased. In murine TH differentiation Hh signaling promotes TH2 differentiation, skewing the overall pattern of transcription to a TH2-like profile, and Il4 is a GLI2 target gene in murine T cells.3Furmanski A.L. Saldana J.I. Ono M. Sahni H. Paschalidis N. D'Acquisto F. et al.Tissue-derived hedgehog proteins modulate Th differentiation and disease.J Immunol. 2013; 190: 2641-2649Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar Importantly, Hh pathway activation in T cells has physiologic relevance in a murine model of allergic asthma because by favoring TH2 polarization and cytokine production, it contributes to disease severity.3Furmanski A.L. Saldana J.I. Ono M. Sahni H. Paschalidis N. D'Acquisto F. et al.Tissue-derived hedgehog proteins modulate Th differentiation and disease.J Immunol. 2013; 190: 2641-2649Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 7Standing A.S.I. Yanez D.C. Ross R. Crompton T. Furmanski A.L. Frontline Science: Shh production and Gli signaling is activated in vivo in lung, enhancing the Th2 response during a murine model of allergic asthma.J Leukoc Biol. 2017; 102: 965-976Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar In human subjects a genome-wide association study linked components of the Hh signaling pathway to allergic asthma,8Li X. Howard T.D. Moore W.C. Ampleford E.J. Li H. Busse W.W. et al.Importance of hedgehog interacting protein and other lung function genes in asthma.J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 127: 1457-1465Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (103) Google Scholar and a recent study found that children with asthma presented with greater levels of SHH in airway epithelia than healthy control subjects.9Xu C. Zou C. Hussain M. Shi W. Shao Y. Jiang Z. et al.High expression of Sonic hedgehog in allergic airway epithelia contributes to goblet cell metaplasia.Mucosal Immunol. 2018; 11: 1306-1311Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar Here we provide in vitro evidence that Hh signaling enhances TH2 differentiation in human CD4 T cells. One strength of our study is that our experiments were performed with cells isolated from 12 different unknown leukocyte cone donors, and we obtained consistent experimental results from all donors independent of their age or sex (of which we had no knowledge). A weakness of our study is that it was limited to in vitro experimentation. In the future, it will be interesting to assess the TH differentiation status of T-cell populations isolated from samples from patients with asthma to obtain further ex vivo evidence that Hh signaling is involved in human TH2 responses. This will be important to our understanding of human atopic diseases, such as asthma, in which TH2 T-cell responses drive disease. Human PBMCs were freshly isolated from randomly selected, unknown leukocyte cone donors (UK National Health Service [NHS] Blood and Transplant Centre) by means of gradient centrifugation with Lymphoprep (Axis Shield, Oslo, Norway). Donors to the UK NHS Blood and Transplant Centre are aged between 17 and 65 years, and we had no knowledge of their age, sex, or identity. Ethical approval was authorized by the local NHS Research Ethics Committee. Naive CD4 T cells (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+CD45RO−) were magnetic bead purified from PBMCs by using the EasySep Isolation Kit (STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). The purity of naive CD4 T cells was analyzed by using flow cytometry and exceeded 95%. After magnetic bead isolation, naive CD4 T cells were rested for 3 to 5 hours and then plated in 96-well round plates at 1 × 106 cells/mL. Cells were stimulated in complete RPMI (supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 10−5 mol/L 2-mercaptoethanol) with 5 μg/mL plate-bound anti-CD3 antibody (clone UCHT1) and anti-CD28 antibody (eBioscience, San Diego, Calif). For TH0 conditions, no cytokines were added. For TH1 conditions, anti–IL-4 (5 μg/mL), rIL-12 (20 ng/mL), and rIFN-γ (10 ng/mL) were added. For TH2 conditions, anti–IFN-γ (2.5 μg/mL) and rIL-4 (20 ng/mL) were added. After 4 days, cells were expanded in human rIL-2 (100 U/mL) for 3 days in fresh medium containing the same skewing cytokines and neutralizing antibodies but in the absence of anti-CD3 and CD28 stimulation. Cells were then restimulated for 16 hours by addition of soluble anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 (1 μg/mL) before gene expression and cytokine analysis. Where stated, rShh (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minn) was added at a final concentration of 0.5 μg/mL at the initiation of culture and again on day 4, when the medium was changed and the cells were expanded by addition of rIL-2. Where stated, SMO inhibitor (PF-04449913 [Pfizer, New York, NY] dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) was added to cultures for a final concentration of 0.374 μg/mL, and an equivalent concentration of DMSO alone was added to the control wells (DMSO at 1:10,000 final dilution). This treatment or control was added to the corresponding wells every day until the end of the experiment. For intracellular cytokine staining, CD4 T cells were stimulated for 4 hours with 50 ng/mL phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, Mo), 500 ng/mL ionomycin (Sigma-Aldrich), and 3 μg/mL Brefeldin A (eBioscience). Cells were stained with combinations of directly conjugated antibodies from Thermo Fisher (Waltham, Mass) or BioLegend (San Diego, Calif) in fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) buffer (5% FBS and 0.01% sodium azide in 1× PBS) acquired on a C6 Accuri flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif) and analyzed with FlowJo software (version 10.6; TreeStar, Ashland, Ore). For intracellular staining, CD4 T cells were stained with anti-CD4 for cell-surface staining and then incubated with Fixation/Permeabilization solution (eBioscience) for 20 minutes in the dark. After this, cells were washed twice with permeabilization buffer and then stained with specific antibodies in permeabilization buffer for 40 minutes. After incubation, cells were washed with permeabilization buffer and resuspended in FACS buffer for FACS analysis. IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokines were measured with Ready-Set-Go! Kits (eBioscience), according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA was extracted with the PicoPure Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif). cDNA was synthesized by using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems) and were analyzed on an iCycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif) with SYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad Laboratories), according to the manufacturer's guidelines. RNA levels obtained from each sample were measured relative to the housekeeping gene hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT). All primers were purchased from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany). The paired 2-tailed Student t test was used for statistical analysis for comparison of in vitro treatment of cells from a given subject.

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