Stem rust (<i>Puccina graminis</i>) identified on spring barley in the UK adjacent to infected <i>Berberis vulgaris</i>
Pourquoi ce travail est dans la base
Une base qui oublie comment elle a trouvé un travail ne peut pas être vérifiée. Voici les voies qui ont admis celui-ci.
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Wheat stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici is a notorious disease of wheat and barley (Leonard & Szabo, 3). In western Europe, following many decades of absence the disease started to re-emerge in 2013 with sporadic wheat stem rust outbreaks reported in Germany, Sweden and Denmark (Hovmøller, 2). In the same year a single wheat plant infected with stem rust was discovered in the UK, which marked the first record of the disease in over 60 years (Lewis et al., 4). These initial outbreaks were seen as an early warning of the potential resurgence of a forgotten foe (Saunders et al., 6). Accordingly, a much larger outbreak was recorded in Sicily in 2016 (Hovmøller, 2). The wheat stem rust pathogen is heteroecious undertaking asexual reproduction on cereals and grasses and completing its sexual cycle through infection of an alternate host, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) and many other species in the Berberis genus (Leonard & Szabo, 3). The importance of the alternate host as a source of genetically diverse inoculum historically led to legislation and exclusion campaigns to limit its presence particularly in western Europe, USA and Canada. However, due to the absence of the disease for many decades in western Europe, B. vulgaris has been increasing in prevalence. Accordingly, a wheat stem rust outbreak in Sweden in 2017 occurred in an area where B. vulgaris was located (Berlin, 1). In mid-July to early August 2019, we identified symptoms typical of stem rust on approximately 20 late-sown spring barley plants in Suffolk in the UK (Figs. 1-2). These infected barley plants were recorded on the edge of a field within metres of an established B. vulgaris hedgerow that was also heavily infected in the spring with orange, tube-like aecial structures typical of stem rust (Figs. 3-4). DNA was extracted from infected barley stems and aecia identified on B. vulgaris leaves using the DNeasy Plant mini kit (Qiagen, UK) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region amplified using primers 5ITS (5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGGT-3') and 3ITS (5'-ACTCCTTGGTCCGTGTTTCA-3'). PCR products were sequenced (Genewiz, USA) and sequences deposited in Genbank (MN385566-7). A sequence alignment was then performed including 27 additional ITS sequences from various P. graminis formae speciales. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a neighbour-joining approach with 1,000 bootstrap replicates (Fig. 5). This analysis confirmed (i) the presence of P. graminis, and (ii) that the P. graminis ITS sequences from barley and B. vulgaris infections clustered in a clade with other P. graminis formae speciales that predominantly infect wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), wild rye (Secale strictum) and couch grass (Elymus spp.), which are too similar to differentiate using gene sequence analysis. This report illustrates that stem rust can be identified late in the season on barley in the UK, most likely caused by inoculum originating on neighbouring B. vulgaris plants. The early maturation of UK wheat and barley varieties may currently act as an effective control mechanism for stem rust infection. However, as the climate continues to shift, earlier summer temperatures could encourage wheat stem rust re-emergence, as was seen during the wheat stem rust outbreak that occurred in 2013 in Germany (Olivera Firpo et al., 5). This supports the need for enhanced vigilance and monitoring across cereals and grasses in the UK. We thank Matt Heaton, Andrew Davis (JIC) and Joe Win (TSL) for photography. This project is funded by the UK Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC; BB/S003975/1) and European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant No 773311 (RustWatch). G.V.R. is additionally supported by a BBSRC Discovery Fellowship (BB/S011005/1) and D.G.O.S by the European Research Council (no. 715638), BBSRC Institute Strategic Programmes BB/J004553/1 and BB/P012574/1 and the John Innes Foundation.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle