Cross-Cultural Validity of Actuarial Risk Assessment Instruments for Individuals in North America with a History of Sexual Offending: Static-99R and Static-2002R

Cultural bias in structured risk assessment instruments is an important concern given the overrepresentation of certain racial/ethnic minority groups in the criminal justice systems of Canada and the U.S. The goal of this dissertation was to evaluate the cultural bias in predictive accuracy of widely used actuarial risk assessment instruments, Static-99R and Static-2002R, for the overrepresented ethnic minority groups in the criminal justice system in Canada (Indigenous peoples) and the U.S. (Blacks and Hispanics).Study 1 evaluated the predictive validity of Static-99R across three major ethnic groups (White, n = 789; Black, n = 466; Hispanic, n = 719) in the State of California.Static-99R was able to discriminate recidivists from non-recidivists among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics with a history of sexual crimes (all area under the curve [AUC] values > .70;odds ratios > 1.39).Base rates (at a Static-99R score of 2) with a fixed 5-year follow-up across ethnic groups were very similar (2.4% -3.0%) but were significantly lower than the norms (5.6%).The current findings support the use of Static-99R in risk assessment procedures for individuals of White, Black, and Hispanic heritage; however, Static-99R should be used with caution in estimating absolute sexual recidivism rates, particularly for Hispanics with a history of sexual crime, as it may overestimate the absolute recidivism rates.Study 2 compares the characteristics and risk factors for non-Hispanic Whites (n =797) and Blacks (n = 788) who had been convicted of a sexual crime in New Jersey, USA.The results indicated that Whites appeared more paraphilic, whereas Blacks displayed higher anti-sociality.Despite the differences, the Static-99R predicted equally well for both racial groups: Whites (AUC = .76)and Blacks (AUC = .78).The findings suggest that there may be opportunities to improve treatment for Preface This dissertation is an integrated article thesis, the core of which are three papers by Seung C. Lee that have been accepted for publication or submitted for peer review.Given that these papers had co-authors, we assert that this dissertation is an original and independent work by Seung C. Lee, who was fully involved in setting up and conducting the research, obtaining data and analyzing results, as well as writing the materials presented in the dissertation.The three research papers are as follows: Study 1 (Lee & Hanson, 2017) was published in Criminal Justice and Behavior.The final, published version is reproduced in this dissertation with only minor edits

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