The eukaryome: Diversity and role of microeukaryotic organisms associated with animal hosts
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Awareness of the roles that host‐associated microbes play in host biology has escalated in recent years. However, microbiome studies have focused essentially on bacteria, and overall, we know little about the role of host‐associated eukaryotes outside the field of parasitology. Despite that, eukaryotes and microeukaryotes in particular are known to be common inhabitants of animals. In many cases, and/or for long periods of time, these associations are not associated with clinical signs of disease. Unlike the study of bacterial microbiomes, the study of the microeukaryotes associated with animals has largely been restricted to visual identification or molecular targeting of particular groups. So far, since the publication of the influential Human Microbiome Project Consortium paper in 2012, few studies have been published dealing with the microeukaryotes using a high‐throughput barcoding ‘microbiome‐like’ approach in animals. Nonetheless, microeukaryotes have an impact on the host physiology and lifestyle and also on the diversity and composition of the wider symbiotic community of bacteria and viruses. Beyond being parasites, microeukaryotes have many different roles in animals. For example, they directly interact with the host immune system in mammals; they have a key role on cellulose degradation, lignocellulose in xylophage termites and cockroaches; and they have an essential role in providing photosynthates to reef‐building corals. Certain microeukaryotic lineages have diversified within hosts more than others. These cases of co‐evolution led to different forms of symbiosis: from mutualism (like Symbiodinium in corals or parabasalians in termites), to commensalism ( Blastocystis in humans) or to strict parasitism (apicomplexans or microsporidians in a broad range of hosts). We will review the ecological context and the evolutionary mechanisms that ended up in these different symbiotic scenarios, across the taxonomic range of both symbionts and their metazoan hosts. Host‐associated microeukaryotes have impacts at many levels, from individual animal health to ecosystems and to agroeconomy. Therefore, it is crucial to have a better understanding of their diversity and roles. Novel methodologies are being developed to access the eukaryotic fraction of the microbiome using high‐throughput methods. From ‐omics, to imaging and barcoding approaches biased against metazoans, these novel methodologies and strategies are helping us to increase and improve our knowledge of microeukaryotes in animal‐associated environments. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».