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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The zygoma is a bone that provides vital contributions to both the structure and aesthetic of the midface and articulates with several bones of the craniofacial skeleton. The zygoma and its articulations comprise the zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC). Fractures of the zygomatic arch (ZA) or any of its bony articulations can cause significant functional and cosmetic morbidity. The management of the zygomatic arch and ZMC fractures should be patient-specific but range from simple observation to open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF). Anatomy The zygoma is the most anterolateral projection of the midface. It plays a key role structurally as it absorbs and dissipates forces away from the cranial base. The zygoma also comprises a significant portion of the inferior and lateral orbital walls; thus, fractures of the zygoma warrants investigation into fractures of the orbit.The zygoma has four articulations, referred to as the ZMC complex: Zygomaticotemporal (ZT) suture - The temporal process of the zygoma articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the anterolaterally projected zygomatic arch (ZA) Zygomaticomaxillary (ZM) suture and the infraorbital rim (IOR) Zygomaticofrontal (ZF) suture Zygomaticosphenoidal (ZS) suture NOTE: Fractures of the ZMC complex may be mistakenly referred to as tripod fractured, though the correct terminology is, in fact, tetrapod fracture, given the four articulations of the zygoma as stated above. Neuroanatomy Paresthesia of the face is a common sequela of a ZMC fracture given its proximity to sensory nerves such as the infraorbital nerve, the zygomaticofacial nerve, and the zygomaticotemporal nerve (all branches of cranial nerve V2). The infraorbital nerve exits the maxilla via the infraorbital foramen, medial to the articulation of the maxilla, and the zygoma. The infraorbital nerve detects sensory input from the cheek, upper lip, nose, and anterior maxillary dentition. The zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal nerves transmit sensory input from the lateral cheek and anterior temporal area, respectively. They are branches of the zygomatic nerve, which arises in the pterygopalatine fossa and enters the orbit via the inferior orbital fissure, and travels along the lateral orbital wall. The zygomaticofacial and zygomaticotemporal branches then exit via identically named foramina in the zygoma. Severe ZMC fractures may also result in ipsilateral facial palsy since the facial nerve is intimately associated with the zygomatic arch. The facial nerve's frontal branch emerges from the parotid gland within the parotid-masseteric fascia and crosses superficial to the zygomatic arch in the innominate fascia deep to the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS). The frontal branch then transitions to the undersurface of the temporoparietal fascia where it travels to innervate the frontalis muscle. Muscular Anatomy The temporalis originates along the temporal line of the parietal and frontal bones and travels medially to the zygomatic arch to insert on the coronoid process of the mandible. It also has attachments to the zygoma.The masseter originates on the inferior aspect of the zygoma and zygomatic arch and inserts on the angle of the mandible.The zygomaticus major and minor are muscles of facial expression that originate on the zygoma and insert near the corner of the mouth to assist with commissure elevation. Other landmarks Tubercle of Whitnall: The attachment site of the lateral canthal tendon located on the medial surface of the frontal process of the zygoma.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle