A Mechanical and Economical Study on the Incorporation of Anti-Microbial Anodized Aluminum in Cooling Towers
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Cooling towers are heat exchangers that achieve cooling by exchanging heat between water and air.They are typically located outdoors and are used around the world for any industrial process in which cooling is involved.They play essential roles in many manufacturing processes, in the food industry, power plants and air conditioning.Organic particles, non-organic particles and micro-organisms suspended in the air can accumulate in the tower and cause it to clog and lose efficiency.This fouling process hinders heat exchange and the formation of a biofilm in particular leads to the proliferation of dangerous bacteria such as Legionella Pneumophila, which can cause a potentially deadly form of pneumonia called legionnaires' disease.In this context, the primary objective of this research is to determine if an anti-microbial anodized aluminum developed by A3Surfaces (AAA) can be successfully implemented to reduce biofilm development and microbial counts in cooling towers.The secondary objective is to establish design considerations and the economic viability of a cooling tower integrating AAA.The antimicrobial efficacy of AAA is evaluated in two separate experiments.First, colony forming units (CFU) were repeatedly measured for experiments involving AAA samples placed in petri dishes with contaminated water.The antimicrobial durability of silver was evaluated for electroplated silver as opposed to samples dipped in a silver nitrate and quaternary ammonium solution prior to sealing.After being tested in a wet environment, they were tested again in a dry-environment and compared to brand new samples.It was shown that as currently fabricated, AAA samples lose their antimicrobial properties.Electroplating improved the biocide durability significantly but still showed a loss in efficacy.Secondly, two identical prototype cooling towers were built and operated with contaminated water: one treated with AAA and one untreated.Bacterial counts (CFU/ml) for each tower were collected weekly.The entire water volume was replaced and the tower was cleaned with 70% isopropyl alcohol in between experiments.The AAA tower lost its capacity to reduce bacterial counts once the water volume was replaced in between runs.vi Lastly, a framework for the design considerations and economical viability of an anti-microbial cooling tower is proposed here.The framework shows how according to the climate, intended use, electricity and water costs, a tower reducing bio-fouling in cooling systems could have economic benefits despite being more expensive.The economic framework shows that a small reduction in annual maintenance, chemical, water or electricity costs can quickly compensate a larger initial investment if we look at the costs over the entire lifespan of the cooling tower.This viability point depends on the intended use of the tower and climatic conditions.Despite AAA not being durable enough as currently fabricated, the literature review suggests many avenues are left to explore to obtain an adequate biocide surface.The economic framework in this research suggests that such surface could potentially reduce the total costs and health risks related to operating a cooling tower.Aci erGa l va ni s é Aci ernoi r Cui vr e1010 Al um i ni um 95 um Al um i ni um 85 um Al um i ni um 80 um Corrosion apparente Corrosion apprente Corrosion sous contrôle Corrosion faible Corrosion faible Corrosion faible
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».