Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The Nordic countries are geographically and climatically diverse but linguistically and culturally closely linked by prolonged mutual contact: the countries termed as Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Denmark) are more integrated, whereas Finland was always closer to Russia and eastern Baltic states. From the second half of the 800s, people from the Nordic countries came to be referred to as ‘Vikings’. They conquered the eastern part of England and many parts of Scotland and Ireland, colonized Iceland and Greenland and Iceland, discovered Newfoundland (Vinland) and settled as rulers in Novgorod, and even traded with the Byzantine Empire. The period from 500 to 1000 CE is referred to as the Scandinavian Younger Iron Age, based on farming and fishing, but from the seventh and eighth centuries societies changed from older pagan, clan-based family groups into increasingly centralized kingdoms, with greater social and economic inequalities. Christianity was also gradually introduced by German missionaries. The emergence of Christian kingdoms in the Nordic countries transformed the older existing nobility into a national aristocracy, and the extended family structure disappeared in favour of the nuclear family, which profoundly affected the architectural development. From the early 700s proto-urban communities, such as Hedeby, Birka and Kaupang, emerged, especially along the Atlantic and Baltic coastlines, and were specialized in trade and exchange. All knowledge about architectural development from this period is exclusively based on archaeological evidence. From the eighth century the Nordic countries gradually went from being tribal territories to Christian kingdoms. The growth in social and economic inequality and increasingly centralized power influenced the building tradition profoundly. Villages consisted of small farms regularly organized in a row on each side of a public road. Each farm consisted of a centrally located ‘longhouse’ on a gated plot, surrounded by smaller buildings. The pre-Christian local elite spent substantial resources to display their social position through costly manor houses. The ‘hall’ was a large longhouse made to impress and to display the owner’s social power. Viking-era Denmark saw the development of a unique type of fortification: ‘ring fortresses’, presumably built by King Harold Bluetooth in the 980s. During the first half of the 700s four proto-urban communities emerged, some protected by earth ramparts, others not. The town areas were divided into plots marked out by ditches or fences, upon which small dwelling houses and workshops were erected.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,544 | 0,024 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».