Human Rights Types: Separatist to Engaged Religious Variations

Evelyn Kallen, in her Ethnicity and Human Rights (2003) presents a typology of human rights, which includes individual, collective, political, religious, and aboriginal rights, which will be examined, provide a macro-sense of many of the elements and principles which need be studied and considered. These issues have been dealt with in the three major Declarations of Human rights, first by the Americans, followed by the United Nations, and Canadians. These declarations will be briefly examined as well, enhance our insights into these individual, collective, political, economic, religious and aboriginal charters or rights and freedoms, see how nations of the world have set their goals for their interchange of relations. We also plan compare four different cultural groups in Canada (Aboriginals, French, British, Others) illustrate how the Kallen typology applies differently the four groups, creating a mosaic of varied factors, situations and rights, which apply these multicultural and multi-religious situations. I. TYPOLOGY OF HUMAN RIGHTS In Table 1, Evelyn Kallen (1995:10; 2003) summarizes human rights moving from micro individual rights more macro group rights, and then spells out claims of cultural, national and aboriginal rights. She helps sort some of the important categories: 1) Individual rights freedom, opportunity, and dignity; 2) Group or category rights freedom, opportunity, and dignity; 3) Collective cultural rights ethnocultural distinctiveness, design for living, language, religion, institutions, and customs; 4) Collective national rights self-determination, ancestral territory, nation; and 5) Collective Aboriginal rights land, occupancy, and use. All individuals are covered by the first, religious groups by the second, ethnic groups by the third, Quebecois by the fourth and aboriginals by the fifth. Individual rights can be violated by neglect, diminution, oppression, and homicide. Group rights can be violated by inequality, defamation, oppression and genocide, shown by the Jewish Holocaust, and the atrocities in Rwanda, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and now Syria. Deculturation, discrimination, and cultural genocide can be inflicted by those who are dominant, illustrated by European treatment of Canada's aboriginals (Kallen, 1995:10). Collective rights could be violated, if Quebecers decided separate and the rest of Canada denied them nationhood status. Aboriginal rights can be violated when land settlements have not been made, as they have not in half of Canada. We shall examine some of these collective violations of human rights. Beginning with Individual rights, we note that our capitalist economic system, where all need be involved eat, is highly motivated by individual enterprise, considered a sacred right of every person compete, training for a good education compete for jobs. Competition is important, where laws guide individuals, so that conflicts can be held in check, as we strive achieve our goals. The profit motive is central, where expenses are cut, advantages are enhanced make money, leaving the largest margin as accumulations of profits. Capital gains are important enhance income over experiences, as we compete with others make profits. Kallen calls this a right to life, which includes the freedom self-determination, where all have as much equal opportunity as possible, and the profits show that we worked hard, followed the rules and laws, and were among the best who succeeded. It should not be surprising that in this process some over-step the order so that neglect including diminution and oppression of others, and occasional homicides occur. It is a tough system where power is abused by many (Kymlicka and Norman, 2000; Driedger and Halli, 2000). In the process of economic right we of course become part of many groups where we seek more right which illustrates Kallen's second category of fundamental right life. …

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