Low‐dose Lithium is Associated with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Healthy Young Men but not Women
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The impact of lithium (Li) exposure on the cardiovascular system is perplexing, as beneficial, negative, and null effects have been identified. Li is an inhibitor of glycogen‐synthase kinase 3β (GSK3‐β) which has been identified as a possible therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mental health disorders. While earlier ecological studies suggest that trace amounts of Li may protect against CVD, no study to date has investigated the effects of low‐dose Li exposure on cardiac structure and function in healthy young adults without CVD and whether these associations are sex dependent. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the association between Li exposure and left ventricular mass (LVM) and function in healthy young adults. This investigation represents a cross‐sectional analysis of the Niagara Longitudinal Heart Study (NLHS) at the midpoint of data collection for 156 participants aged 19 – 25 years. A final sample size of 117 had both valid Li and left ventricular data upon analyses. LVM was indexed to height 2.7 (LVMi), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), and stroke volume (SV) were assessed following echocardiography in the parasternal long‐axis view of the left ventricle. Serum Li levels were measured using inductively‐coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Li concentration was significantly associated with EF (r = −0.183, p = 0.05) and ESV (r = 0.197, p = 0.03) among the total sample. Li concentration did not differ when examined by sex (p > 0.05), however LVMi, ESV, EDV, SV, and EF were all significantly higher in males than females (p < 0.05). Li was only significantly correlated with EF in men (r = −0.320, p = 0.02) however no correlation was observed among women (p > 0.05). The novel result of our investigation was naturally occurring concentration of Li is associated with decreased EF in men, but not women, although, there was no significant difference in SV. Further, there was no effect of low‐dose Li on LVMi. This is in contrast to some animal studies which demonstrate long‐term exposure to Li has potent hypertrophic effect on the left ventricle, although, Li concentrations in our sample were considerably lower and fall within a normal physiological range. These findings may result from differential sensitivities of the GSK‐3β receptor to Li in the left ventricle in men and women, although further investigation is required. Support or Funding Information This research project is funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR #s 363774, 399332). KSD is funded by a CIHR Doctoral Research Award – Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship (RFN#167014). VAF is supported by a Brock Explore Grant and an NSERC Discovery Grant (2019‐05833).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».