Sleepers Selectively Suppress Informative Inputs during Rapid Eye Movements
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Sleep leads to a disconnection from the external world. Even when sleepers regain consciousness during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, little, if any, external information is incorporated into dream content [1Dement W. Wolpert E.A. The relation of eye movements, body motility, and external stimuli to dream content.J. Exp. Psychol. 1958; 55: 543-553Crossref PubMed Scopus (207) Google Scholar, 2Rechtschaffen A. Foulkes D. Effect of visual stimuli on dream content.Percept. Mot. Skills. 1965; 20: 1149-1160Crossref PubMed Scopus (32) Google Scholar, 3Berger R.J. Experimental modification of dream content by meaningful verbal stimuli.Br. J. Psychiatry. 1963; 109: 722-740Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar]. While gating mechanisms might be at play to avoid interference on dreaming activity [4Nir Y. Tononi G. Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology.Trends Cogn. Sci. 2010; 14: 88-100Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (311) Google Scholar], a total disconnection from an ever-changing environment may prevent the sleeper from promptly responding to informative events (e.g., threat signals). In fact, a whole range of neural responses to external events turns out to be preserved during REM sleep [5Issa E.B. Wang X. Sensory responses during sleep in primate primary and secondary auditory cortex.J. Neurosci. 2008; 28: 14467-14480Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar, 6Nir Y. Vyazovskiy V.V. Cirelli C. Banks M.I. Tononi G. Auditory responses and stimulus-specific adaptation in rat auditory cortex are preserved across NREM and REM sleep.Cereb. Cortex. 2015; 25: 1362-1378Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar, 7Perrin F. García-Larrea L. Mauguière F. Bastuji H. A differential brain response to the subject’s own name persists during sleep.Clin. Neurophysiol. 1999; 110: 2153-2164Crossref PubMed Scopus (219) Google Scholar, 8Blume C. Del Giudice R. Wislowska M. Heib D.P.J. Schabus M. Standing sentinel during human sleep: continued evaluation of environmental stimuli in the absence of consciousness.Neuroimage. 2018; 178: 638-648Crossref PubMed Scopus (18) Google Scholar, 9Strauss M. Sitt J.D. King J.R. Elbaz M. Azizi L. Buiatti M. Naccache L. van Wassenhove V. Dehaene S. Disruption of hierarchical predictive coding during sleep.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2015; 112: E1353-E1362Crossref PubMed Scopus (106) Google Scholar]. Thus, it remains unclear whether external inputs are either processed or, conversely, gated during REM sleep. One way to resolve this issue is to consider the specific impact of eye movements (EMs) characterizing REM sleep. EMs are a reliable predictor of reporting a dream upon awakening [10Dement W. Kleitman N. The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity: an objective method for the study of dreaming.J. Exp. Psychol. 1957; 53: 339-346Crossref PubMed Scopus (509) Google Scholar, 11Goodenough D.R. Shapiro A. Holden M. Steinschriber L. A comparison of” dreamers” and” nondreamers”: Eye movements, electroencephalograms, and the recall of dreams.J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol. 1959; 59: 295Crossref Scopus (58) Google Scholar], and their absence is associated with a lower arousal threshold to external stimuli [12Ermis U. Krakow K. Voss U. Arousal thresholds during human tonic and phasic REM sleep.J. Sleep Res. 2010; 19: 400-406Crossref PubMed Scopus (77) Google Scholar]. We thus hypothesized that the presence of EMs would selectively prevent the processing of informative stimuli, whereas periods of REM sleep devoid of EMs would be associated with the monitoring of external signals. By reconstructing speech in a multi-talker environment from electrophysiological responses, we show that informative speech is amplified over meaningless speech during REM sleep. Yet, at the precise timing of EMs, informative speech is, on the contrary, selectively suppressed. These results demonstrate the flexible amplification and suppression of sensory information during REM sleep and reveal the impact of EMs on the selective gating of informative stimuli during sleep.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».