Flocculation of a Kaolin Clay Slurry by Utilizing Specified Risk Material
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The oil sands are a vital part of the provincial economy in Alberta and oil production in this sector produces large amounts of waste called tailings. The tailings consist of a slurry of clay suspended in process water with residual bitumen present. Reclamation of the land that the tailings ponds occupy is of great concern to the province and the oil producers. One strategy to consolidate this material is to facilitate separation of the solids from the liquid phase using a chemical called a flocculant. Traditional flocculants may not be environmentally sustainable and other alternatives have been sought after. To this end, a waste resource of biological origin called specified risk materials (SRM) has the potential for use in this application. Specified risk materials are waste proteins from the rendering of cattle that have the potential to contain prion diseases, such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow disease). Currently, this material is being land-filled or incinerated and is an economic burden to the industry as well as a liability to the local environment. To first make this material safe to use, it must first be hydrolyzed into its molecular components; peptides. These peptides can then be used in various applications and can also be chemically modified to alter its properties. In this work, peptides derived from hydrolyzed SRM were tested as a flocculant in a model kaolin clay system. The peptides were then chemically modified using two different approaches. The first modification was an esterification reaction with methanol to modify the functional groups of the peptides. The second modification was a crosslinking reaction with glutaraldehyde to increase the molecular weight of the peptides. The flocculation performance of the modified peptides was tested in flocculation experiments and was compared to the unmodified version. Characterization analyses were also conducted on the various peptide products including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), carboxylic acid titration, sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and elemental analysis. To summarize, hydrolyzed SRM peptides can act as a flocculant in this model system. Modification of this material by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde improves the flocculation performance of the peptides in this system and is recommended for future use in real world tailing consolidation applications. The characterization tests confirmed that the crosslinking reaction was occurring as theoretically expected. The use of this material could provide a biodegradable alternative to the synthetic polymers used in the industry, while also providing a source of nitrogen for plant growth during reclamation. This has the potential to convert an economic and environmental burden into a material that could benefit the environment by aiding in the reclamation of oil sand tailing ponds.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».