First Reported Mycobacterium Marinum Infection Case in a Patient With Psoriatic Arthritis Maintained on Golimumab

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition has become a widely used biological therapy in patients with underlying autoimmune diseases and its association with increased risk for tuberculosis and other granulomatous diseases has been extensively studied recently.[1] Non- tuberculous mycobacterial infections are also associated with the immune dysfunction caused by the use of immunomodulatory drugs, mainly anti TNF-alpha (α), ranging from localized skin infection to disseminated disease.[2,3] Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients treated with anti-TNF are at higher risk of developing skin non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection due to the disease itself and the combined side effect of the medications used.[4] The following case describes a skin infection with Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) associated with the use of golimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against TNF-α, in a patient with psoriatic arthritis. A 53-year-old female patient with psoriatic arthritis followed at the rheumatology- dermatology clinic presented for evaluation of a non-resolving indurated plaque over the base of the right fifth digit despite the use of local steroid and systemic treatment for her arthritis. She reported no recent trauma or abrasion, no fever or chills. No other skin lesions were identified back then. Golimumab 50 mg subcutaneous monthly injections were added to standard methotrexate for worsening arthritis and liver function tests secondary to methotrexate. The patient received 2 doses of golimumab 50 mg after which she started noticing the erythematous lesion over her finger, increasing in size and erythema (Figure 1a). Informed consent of the patient was obtained from the patient for this case report. She was referred to the dermatology for skin biopsy and started empirically on a course of amoxicillin for suspected cellulitis. Golimumab was stopped and the patient was kept on methotrexate to avoid flare of her joint disease. Pathology was consistent with granulomatous tuberculoid dermatitis (Figure 1b). Acid fast, Gram, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gomori methenamine- silver stains were non-revealing for organisms or fungi. Non-tuberculous mycobacteria were recovered from the mycobacterial culture one month after initial presentation and were identified later as M. marinum. The patient was then started on clarithromycin and doxycycline with significant improvement after two weeks of treatment. Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical mycobacteria or mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is typically associated with fishes and water.[5] Few cases of M. marinum infection were reported in patients treated with anti-TNF-α ranging from localized skin infection to disseminated disease.[2,3] The literature mentions only six cases of psoriasis associated with M. marinum infection and anti-TNF-α was administered in all cases.[4,6-9] This is another rare case of M. marinum sporotrichoid-like skin infection in a patient on anti-TNF-α treatment. To our best knowledge, the present case is the first described in association with golimumab therapy. The exposure to fresh fish as well the immunosuppression predisposed the patient to acquire this infection. Golimumab was stopped and the patient was started on combination clarithromycin and doxycycline with significant improvement after two weeks.

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