New Formulation of Tertiary Amines for Thermally Stable and Cost-Effective Chemical Additive: Synthesis Procedure and Displacement Tests for High-Temperature Tertiary Recovery in Steam Applications
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract A newly formulated chemical additive from a group of amines has been tested and applied to in-situ heavy-oil thermal recovery. Switchable-hydrophilicity chemical additives were successfully synthesized from N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine in the form of homogeneous and hydrophilic solution. Fundamentally, tertiary amines comprise functional groups of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. These unique features enable this chemical additive to wet both water and heavy-oil, yielding potential interfacial tension improvement. Furthermore, the reversible chemical reaction of this chemical additive yields both positive and negative ions. An ion pair formed due to the adsorption of cations—[C8H17NH+]—on the surface of heavy-oil, whereas the anions—[HCO3−]—promoted solid phase surface charge modification; therefore, resulting in the repulsive forces between heavy-oil and the rock surface—substantially improving water-wetness and restoring an irreversible wettability alteration due to the phase change phenomenon during steam injection. We have substantiated that the application of these switchable-hydrophilicity tertiary amines (SHTA) could lead to auspicious recovery mechanisms—wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction—even in extremely high-temperature steam flooding, thus promoting phase distribution improvement in porous media by diminishing the capillary forces and the eventual favorable heavy-oil recovery performance. In this research, heavy-oil acquired from a field in western Alberta encompassing the viscosity of 5,616 cP at 25°C was utilized in each experiment. All experiments were performed and measured at high-pressure-high-temperature steam conditions up to 200 psi and 200°C. To study the interfacial properties, quantitative contact angle and interfacial tension measurements were performed on rock/heavy-oil/hot-water and steam systems using a high-pressure high-temperature IFT cell under different chemical concentrations. On the other hand, dynamic experimental studies in investigating the residual oil behavior in porous media and oil recovery performance were conducted through micromodel visualization and core flood experiments. These micromodels and sandstone cores were initially saturated with synthetic brine water and then displaced by heavy-oil to mimic reservoir saturation history. Subsequently, steam was continuously injected (3 pore volumes) and followed with the injection of SHTA as tertiary recovery. We perceived that favorable interfacial tension reduction was achieved, and irreversible wettability could be auspiciously restored after combining SHTA with steam as a result of the solid-phase surface charge modification to be more negatively-charged. Phase distribution/residual oil in the porous media developed after steam injection was able to be auspiciously convalesced, indicating that capillary forces could be reduced. Consequently, over 80% of the residual oil could be recuperated post-SHTA injection presenting favorable oil recovery performance. In addition to this promising evidence, SHTA could be potentially recovered by switching its reversible chemical reaction to be in hydrophobic form; hence, promoting this chemical additive to be both reusable and more economically effective. Comprehensive studies and analyses on interfacial properties, phase distribution in porous media, and recovery performance exhibit essential points of view in further evaluating the potential of SHTA for tertiary recovery improvement. Valuable substantiations and findings provided by our research present useful information and recommendations for fields with steam injection applications.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».