Experimental Performance of Steam-Based Hybrid Technologies to Improve Energy Efficiency in a Colombian Heavy Oil Reservoir
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Due to the large amount of heavy oil reserves, thermal recovery projects have been developed in Colombia in the last decade. Several fields under Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), and Steam Flooding (SF) plans are currently underway at field scale. In the country there are also significant reserves of heavy oil which are still under cold production which represent an important opportunity to implement novel technologies that improve energy efficiency. Such technologies should be implemented based on the maturity of the current recovery process and reservoir characteristics. Implementation of steam-based hybrid technologies are under evaluation in Ecopetrol as a strategy to increase both heavy oil recovery and energy efficiency. This work is focused on the design, execution, and results of two physical simulation experiments developed to study the behavior of the Teca Cocorná core and fluids with a combination of steam-based hybrid injection technology. Both tests were performed under similar conditions of temperature and pressure to assess the effect of a hybrid injection process on the residual oil saturation, produced hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and changes in produced fluids. The experimental methodology is described in detail for both experiments as well as relevant test results which constitute important parameters for reservoir simulation forecasts. The first hybrid test was a combination of steam flood and solvent injection (naphtha) which consisted of the injection of 0.38 pore volumes (PV) of cold water equivalent (CWE) superheated steam at 271°C, followed by the injection of 0.05 PV of naphtha solvent (CWE), and finally by the injection of 1.0 PV of superheated steam (CWE). The second hybrid test combined steam flood with injection of flue gas consisting of 15 percent carbon dioxide (CO2) and 85 percent nitrogen (N2). The injection scheme for this test was similar to the first test and consisted of the injection of 0.40 PV of superheated steam at a temperature of 271°C (CWE), followed by 0.30 PV of flue gas (CWE) and finally by 0.71 PV of superheated steam (CWE). This study shows that the Teca Cocorná oil-core system, as tested, responded positively in the laboratory to hybrid steam methods in terms of production and energy efficiency. A detailed comparison including temperature front, steam-oil-ratio, produced fluids and residual saturations is presented. In addition, the energy consumption is estimated. These results provide valuable information required for numerical and economic evaluations of steam-based processes prior to field tests.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».