Sand Dilation Study and its Effect on Porosity and Permeability During Cyclic Steam Stimulation by In-Situ Imaging Technique
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) is an effective and widely used technique to recover the heavy oil/bitumen. However, due to its complex nature, it has not been studied in detail experimentally. Most of the Canadian bitumen reservoirs have negligible steam injectivity, therefore to recover oil from such reservoirs, steam is injected at pressure higher than the overburden causing the pore pressure to increase and allow the disturbance in the sand, referred as sand dilation. This study aims to investigate changes in permeability and porosity of sand pack while varying net stresses occurring during CSS. New coreflooding equipment was designed, fabricated and commissioned aided with mechanical clamps to prevent leakages specially while reaching minimum net stress through providing strong grip between mandrels and rubber sleeve. To understand flow mechanism at the prevailing conditions, real time visualization study was carried out by using CT scanner. The images of in-situ fluid flow patterns with specific CT numbers were used to obtain a density map over the entire length of sand pack which was translated to porosity. Ottawa's sand with the highest concentration of 100-140 mesh was used for sand pack preparation by following the wet packing procedure. Methanol was used for this purpose. During the flooding test net stresses were increased and decreased in cycles by injecting steam and later hot water and at every phase scanning was done to apprehend the changes in the CT numbers and density. Permeability was also measured to understand the changes resulted due to varying net stresses. At minimum net stress the sand pack was fractured and the flow paths were confirmed from the CT images causing a radical change in permeability of 22.13% increase. This disturbance in sand during pore pressure variation was irreversible. However, not a considerable change in porosity was observed once the flow took place through the fractures. This research work has helped to understand the disturbance of sand by steam and hot water injection during CSS and identification of possible flow paths with help of CT images at real time. The changes reported in permeability are for the specific range of sand particle size, pressure and temperature conditions under which this study was conducted.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».