They Spoke French: A Book about French Heritage in Minnesota ed. Mark Labine
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Reviewed by: They Spoke French: A Book about French Heritage in Minnesota ed. Mark Labine Eileen M. Angelini Labine, Mark, ed. They Spoke French: A Book about French Heritage in Minnesota. French-American Heritage Foundation, 2016. ISBN 978-1-5227-1983-0. Pp. 268. This book brings much-needed attention to the strong French-Canadian heritage that is alive and well in the Midwest. Across its preface, nineteen chapters (with contributions from Pierre Girard, Jerry Foley, Mark Labine, Greg Brick, Jane Skinner Peck, Jacqueline Regis, Rev. Jules O. Omalanga, and John Schade), and four appendices (Names of North Americans with French Ancestry; French-American Heritage Foundation; Americans with French Descent; and French Words in the English Languages), one learns that Minnesota and its surrounding area were settled by the French from Canada before other Europeans arrived there. Place names, villages, natural landscapes and waterways were named by Native peoples, French-Canadians and Métis. Étienne Brûlé (born in France) arrived in what is now northern Minnesota in 1622. He was followed by explorers, trappers, voyageurs, coureurs de bois, clergy, miners, and finally French-Canadian tradesmen and their families. This group of original settlers married with the local native populations and remained the only inhabitants in the area until the treaties of the 1840s and 1850s were signed and people from the east moved into the area via Chicago and the southern Midwest. Thus, Canadian French (Royal French) was the official language of the Minnesota area for over 220 years. However, the French-Canadians suffered discrimination at the hands of the Anglophones, who started the industrial culture of the Midwest in the 1850s. French-Canadians quietly endured discrimination and belittlement by the Anglophones and kept a low profile in their own lands. They held onto their language, customs and religion, building beautiful churches and cathedrals, schools, and establishing large families. But the history of French in Minnesota does not end there. They Spoke French addresses, for example, the French influence on education in Minnesota, Haitian immigration, the arrival of French-speaking Vietnamese in three distinct waves, and the Francophone-African Catholic communities. There are also chapters on French Huguenots, French and French-Canadian organizations in Minnesota, genealogy websites and resources for those who want to discover their French and French-Canadian roots, other interesting facts about famous Americans with French ancestors, and French words in the English language. An especially intriguing chapter is the one dedicated to French-Canadian influence on hockey in Minnesota:"Ice hockey began creeping into Minnesota and the northern United States in the 1890s through border towns like Roseau and Warroad and the Iron Range towns of Eveleth" (174). The popularity of hockey in Minnesota is striking (Minnesotans take pride in the number of players at Division I colleges/universities and in the NHL): "Hockey in Warroad, today styled as'Hockeytown U.S.A.,' started in 1904 when George Marvin got off a train from Manitoba to manage a grain elevator and a lumber and coal business" (174). They Spoke French provides a richly-detailed overview of French in Minnesota, inspiring readers to explore the state. Eileen M. Angelini Fulbright Specialist (NY) Copyright © 2018 American Association of Teachers of French
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,009 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».