Towards the Heart of the Sport: A Sporting Perspective on Abraham & Veneklasen Joint Venture v. American Quarter Horse Association
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Rules defining the characteristics of horses that may be registered with a particular breed organization are essential to defining not only the breed to which the organization is devoted but also the collateral activities of the organization necessary to promote the breed, such as show competitions, jumping, and racing. These for registration are simply rules of — that are most efficiently made by the governing body of the organization, it having the incentive to maximize value for its participant members and spectators. Yet, like any of sport that by definition must exclude certain equipment in favor of other equipment — with the idea of horses being akin to equipment explored later in this Article — breed registration standards have become the object of serious antitrust scrutiny. In 2013, the American Quarter Horse Association's rule prohibiting the registration of Quarter Horses produced by cloning was found to violate both Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. The American Quarter Horse Association did not assert its registration standard as a rule of which would have entitled it to the analytical deference afforded such in antitrust cases. Nevertheless, that regulate the registration and use of horses in equestrian events are not substantially different from those that regulate the use of equipment in other activities and sports — standards that have typically been upheld by courts. This Article addresses the implications of accepting breed registration standards as rules of sport, including how in McHugh v. Australian Jockey Club the comparison of registration to of sport influenced the court's decision to reject the applicant's claims that the Australian Jockey Club's prohibiting the registration of Thoroughbreds bred by artificial insemination violated Australia's antitrust laws. We begin Part I with an overview of claims under the Sherman Act and how under its structure Abraham & Veneklasen Joint Venture v. American Quarter Horse Association was brought and decided. In Part II, we explore why on the registration of horses are of including the McHugh court's analysis on the matter. In Part III, we discuss the implications for the antitrust analysis when breed registration are accepted as of sport. Finally, in Part IV, we look briefly at how antitrust claims concerning of sport can have perverse effects to devalue the sport.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».