Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Drugs have become an increasingly critical part of healthcare services in Canada over the last few decades – with nearly $30 billion spent on prescription drugs nationwide in 2013. But it’s not clear that the current design of most provincial drug plans can withstand the financial pressures of an aging population and offer equitable access to public benefits. Owing to budgetary constraints, each province has designed unique, non-universal drug coverage to fill the gaps where private insurance does not exist. Provincial drug plans offer coverage based on an individual’s age, income, availability of private insurance (through one’s employer), or some combination of the three. We look at the most common age-based provincial plans – as well as the trend towards income-based plans. Age-based plans, which usually apply only to seniors, have major drawbacks. These include a cost structure that will be pressured from an aging population and inequities in benefit access: seniors with income and drug needs similar to a working-age family without private drug coverage pay a much smaller share of their drug costs than the family does. Provinces with age-based plans also extend benefits to those on social assistance, making transitioning off welfare difficult for families with drug needs. Further, low-income workers are those most likely to be under- or uninsured in provinces with age-based plans, which include Ontario, Alberta, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. Income-based plans have challenges as well. They must be designed carefully to avoid significantly increasing in public costs and hindering access to prescribed drugs. Plus, provinces must consider how income-tested benefits can have negative incentive effects on work. High marginal tax rates reduce the incentive to work and earn. And when combined with reductions in the plethora of targeted government programs, badly designed income-based plans can create high marginal tax rates. We compare the advantages and pitfalls in moving from an age-based plan to one based on income. Further, we glean lessons from provinces with income-based plans – British Columbia and New Brunswick, which will have a new plan in 2015. On balance, we find that the benefits of an income-based plan make them superior to age-based ones. An income-based plan would apply to all individuals and families without private coverage, including those on social assistance and seniors. Although much of the discussion for reforming Canada’s drug coverage to date has focussed on creating a universal federal drug plan, other options must be explored absent political traction in pursuit of this approach. Age-based plans might have been a cost-friendly option decades ago when the ratio of seniors to workers was low, but the wave of retiring baby boomers will rapidly makes these plans less affordable. Income-based plans are a better alternative for cash-constrained provinces.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,010 | 0,065 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,007 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,012 | 0,007 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,034 | 0,014 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».