Study Interprets Electromagnetic-Wave Penetration, Absorption for Bitumen Reservoir
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 199941, “Interpretation of Electromagnetic-Wave Penetration and Absorption for Different Reservoir Mineralogy - Quartz-Rich, Limestone-Rich, and Clay-Rich - and at High- and Low-Water Saturation Values for a Bitumen Reservoir,” by Matthew Morte, SPE, Hasan Alhafidh, SPE, and Berna Hascakir, SPE, Texas A&M University, prepared for the 2020 SPE Canada Heavy Oil Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Calgary, 18–19 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Interpretation of logging data generated through electromagnetic (EM) waves or determination of EM-wave propagation in a medium as an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) method are not easy tasks. The complete paper aims to identify the role of different geological settings with different types of fluid saturations in the response of EM-wave propagation and absorption. Several correlations were created in this study and can be used to better interpret the reservoir mineralogy and fluid saturation as a response to EM-wave logging. Moreover, these results can be used to estimate the effective area (penetration depth) of EM waves as an EOR method. Experimental Procedure Complex permittivity of synthesized rock samples was recorded by means of a vector network analyzer as the source and a dielectric probe kit as the transmitter. The dielectric probe behaves as both the transmitter and receiver simultaneously by measuring the proportion of the reflected wave. The dielectric probe is capable of measuring both the solid interface, as is the case with the synthesized reservoir rock, and fluids. The output of the vector network analyzer is both the dielectric constant, defined to be the real-portion complex permittivity, and the loss index, defined to be the imaginary portion. The loss tangent is a parameter that describes the overall efficacy of the material as a microwave absorber with higher values corresponding to higher heat generation in the reservoir. Reservoir properties of interest are isolated by taking advantage of experimentally defined synthesized cores. Variable properties are achieved by introducing a known quantity of specified materials to ensure control over the outcome of representative reservoir rock. Samples are an unconsolidated mixture of both the skeletal frame (rock matrix) as well as the pore space. The rock matrix is comprised of a systematic and stepwise variability of quartz sand, limestone sand, and kaolinite clay or bentonite clay. The fraction of each introduced mineral is manipulated to isolate the contribution of the individual components. The weights of the introduced constituents are calculated to result in a synthetic rock matrix with the desired rock mineralogy. The first batch of synthesized cores consisted of 75 mixtures. The remainder of the contrived cores were limestone. A separate 20 experiments were performed to account for the presence of both pore-filling and swelling clays, namely kaolinite and bentonite, respectively. Compaction and blending of the cores were performed by hand; homogenization of the mixture was ensured by thorough mixing.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».