Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
This paper describes and assesses pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies in Canada, considering them in the context of the broader policy and market environment in which they operate, and investigating their role in contributing to Canada's achievements in meeting a range of objectives relating to the pharmaceutical policy.The federal government regulates prices of patented pharmaceutical products with the objective of protecting consumers against excessive prices.Regulation has very likely been responsible for bringing Canada's prices for patented medicines roughly in line with European comparators.Prices of generic products, which are not regulated, are relatively high although high penetration of the Canadian market has been achieved.All Canadians have coverage for drugs provided in hospitals through a publicly financed scheme that furnishes hospital and physician services free of charge to patients.Drugs dispensed outside the hospital setting are not included among the insured benefits guaranteed by the Canadian Health Act.Consequently, two-thirds of the Canadian population, including most employees and their families, obtains such coverage through private health insurance, while most senior citizens, together with designated groups of vulnerable populations, are covered by provincial, territorial or federal plans.In most cases, patients share in the costs of reimbursed medicines through copayments or co-insurance, sometimes after meeting a deductible.The lack of protection against the risk of catastrophic out-of-pocket spending for drugs remains an issue for a small part of the Canadian population, concentrated in the Atlantic Provinces.Reflecting these coverage and reimbursement arrangements, 54% of drug expenditures are financed by private insurances and households.Drug expenditures have been increasing very rapidly in recent years.Formulary management, now facilitated by a government initiative to undertake common drug reviews, and the promotion of generic substitution have been the main levers used by public plans to improve the efficiency of drug expenditures.Private plans have historically covered all medicines authorised for sale in Canada, although this is changing in light of cost pressure.Overall, new drugs are available in the Canadian market on a timely basis, but maintaining comprehensive availability and accessibility may be an emerging challenge.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle