Notice bibliographique
Résumé
At the beginning of The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, cognitive scientist and philosopher Steven Pinker asserts that[e]veryone has a of nature. Everyone has to anticipate the behavior of others, and that means we all need theories about what makes people tick. A tacit of nature-that behavior is caused by thoughts and feelings-is embedded in the way we think about people. . . . Rival theories of are entwined in different ways of life and different political systems, and have been the source of much conflict over the course of history. (1; emphasis added)For millennia, the major theories of have come from religion... every society must operate with a of nature. (3; emphasis added)A theory of nature, as Pinker conceives it, refers to the intrinsic or ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that distinguish beings from other forms of life and, according to him, is inescapable for individuals and societies. Such theories are present whether they are held consciously or unconsciously in the mind, communicated explicitly or implicitly in a text, expressed in traditional customs and folktales, or embedded in religious beliefs and ceremonies. They may be embryonic or fully developed. They may be embodied in myths and legends or expressed in philosophic treatises such as Plato's Republic, Augustine's The City of God, and Marx's The Communist Manifesto. However they may be couched, these theories tell us what to expect from people in regards to such vital issues as aggression, or even outright violence, helpfulness, reliability, good will, and spirituality. Beyond these, philosophies of consider meta-issues related to such as, for example, the role of intrinsic and extrinsic nurture, the different kinds of needs shared by all humans,1 personal and collective psychopathology,2 and the degree of universality of mankind's physical and mental constitution. Philosophies of also deal with the meaning and purpose of life in this world and the next, mankind's relationship to the supernatural or nonmaterial world, and the role, if any, of messengers and prophets. Finally, they set the basis for morality by providing a standard for deciding which behaviors we can expect from all humans, which can be considered natural for the kind of beings we are, which are acceptable, and which are not.One of the most vigorously debated issues about is the existence of an intrinsic, predetermined or essence. Is what we call human nature the product of environmental influences, a set of innate attributes and potentials, or a mixture of both? The terms of this controversy have been most famously formulated by John Locke, who maintains that the mind has no inherent ideas, attributes, capacities, tendencies, or potentials-a view that is now known as the tabula rasa or blank slate (2.1.2).3 According to this notion, everything in the mind is added after birth by worldly experience and the education provided by others. Locke's suggests that because beings are shaped entirely by their environment, the perfectibility of man is contingent on the manipulation of the social environment. This idea was taken up by others, among them JeanJacques Rousseau, who popularized the idea that can be improved by strictly natural, non-religious means.4 Marxism also holds that is shaped by the environment and concludes, therefore, that we must overthrow all the old social structures in order to create a new kind of being.5 Human environmentalism-the belief that it is possible to shape beings any way we like by controlling the kind of experiences people have-was an idea promulgated most famously by B. F. Skinner and other behavioral psychologists. Perhaps one of the most startling results of Locke's blank state is the claim that sexual identity is not intrinsically constrained and determined by biology but is, rather, a matter of preference because there is no particular to limit our choices. …
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,004 | 0,012 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,004 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,009 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».