The Success of Youth-Oriented Environmental NGO: A Case Study of Koalisi Pemuda Hijau Indonesia
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
1. Introduction1.1 The Development of Environmental NGOs in IndonesiaThe environmental movement has grown into a global effort in overcoming various environmental crisis's and problems on a global scale. Although this movement initially stemmed from Western industrialized countries, it is now in motion in nearly all countries throughout world. The environmental movement is supported by millions of global citizens and exceeds any social or spatial boundaries. It is no exaggeration to say that environmental movement has been described as the most comprehensive, influential movement of our time (Castells, 2010, p. 72).Some agencies that are actively involved in environmental movement are environmental NGOs (ENGOs). ENGOs are involved and have a role in almost every country in world. In context of Indonesia, ENGOs as independent organizations with a focus on environmental issues began to grow and develop in 1970s (Hendarti & Nomura, 2005). At that time, ENGO involvement was a response to environmental damage occurring due to citizens' limited awareness of environmental conservation. As an example, WWF (World Wildlife Fund) found that deforestation was cause of diminishing orangutan habitats in Sumatra in early 1970s. YIH (Yayasan Indonesia Hijau - Green Indonesia Foundation) was established in 1978 in follow-up to a WWF project. YIH initiated activities in nature conservation education, in collaboration with schools in Bogor city, which then spread to Bandung, Surabaya, Makassar and Palembang cities. In that same year, Kelompok Sepuluh Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup (Environmental Development Group of Ten) was established, consisting of 10 NGOs that assisted government in resolving environment issues. In 1980, WALHI (Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia or Indonesian Forum for Environment) was established in Jakarta as a forum of environmental activists, groups and organizations with an orientation on environmental issues and actions. The establishment of these ENGOs marked beginning of ENGO movement in Indonesia (Hendarti & Nomura, 2005, p. 35; Sinanu, 2006; Suharko, 2005).ENGO development intensified in late 1980s up until early 1990s. ENGOs began to move into policy advocacy, in addition to continuing to develop various environmental actions, such as encouraging environmental awareness in communities, and implementing environmental education activities both in and out of schools. In late 1980s, WALHI appeared to distance itself from government through various policy advocacy actions on environmental issues. WALHI took on policy advocacy due to a variety of environmental problems that actually derived from government policy.The strengthened environmental advocacy orientation that was apparent in WALHI, was also evident in establishment of an array of ENGOs in a number of regions that focused on encouraging policy reform pertaining to conservation of natural resources and environment. Lembaga Alam Tropika (LATIN) or Institute of Tropical Nature Indonesia in Bogor offered alternative forest resource management through 'community forestry'. Warung Informasi Konservasi (WARSI) or Conservation Information Forum was a network of 12 NGOs working in 4 provinces in Sumatra, focusing on conservation of biodiversity and 'community development' through training and education for local communities. Yayasan Wisnu or Wisnu Foundation in Bali prioritised water and soil management and pollution issues and disseminating information to communities.Environmental education activities continued to be developed by ENGOs at same time. In late 1980s, WALHI in collaboration with environmental groups started to develop a conservation education program through trainings, called Pendidikan Konservasi Alam (PKA) or Nature Conservation Education for nature loving groups in senior high schools and universities. In 1990, Seloliman Pusat Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH) or Environmental Education Centre in Mojokerto, East Java was founded. …
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».